Transcript Chapter 8 - Powerpoint

The Effects of a Tax...
Price
Supply
Price buyers
pay
Size of tax per unit
Price
without tax
Price sellers
receive
Demand
0
Quantity
with tax
Quantity
without tax
Quantity
The Effects of a Tax
A tax places a wedge between the price
buyers pay and the price sellers receive.
Because of this tax wedge, the quantity
sold falls below the level that would be sold
without a tax.
Tax Revenue...
Price
Size of tax per
unit (T)
Price buyers
pay
Supply
Tax
Revenue
(T x Q)
Price sellers
receive
Quantity
sold (Q)
0
Quantity
with tax
Demand
Quantity
without tax
Quantity
How a Tax Affects Welfare...
Tax reduces consumer surplus by (B+C)
and producer surplus by (D+E)
Price
Price
buyers
pay = PB
A
B
Price
without = P1
tax
Price = PS
sellers
receive
0
Tax revenue = (B+D)
C
Deadweight Loss = (C+E)
E
D
Supply
F
Demand
Q2
Q1
Quantity
Changes in Welfare
from a Tax
Without Tax
With Tax
Change
Consumer Surplus
A+B+C
A
- (B + C)
Producer Surplus
D+E+F
F
- (D + E)
Tax Revenue
none
B+D
+ (B + D)
Total Surplus
A+B+C+D+E+F
A+B+D+F
- (C + E )
The area C+E shows the fall in total surplus and
is the deadweight loss of the tax.
How a Tax Affects Welfare
The change in total welfare includes:
The change in consumer surplus,
The change in producer surplus,
The change in tax revenue.
The losses to buyers and sellers exceed the
revenue raised by the government.
This fall in total surplus is called the
deadweight loss.
Deadweight Losses and the Gains
from Trade
Taxes cause deadweight losses
because they prevent buyers and
sellers from realizing some of the
gains from trade.
The Deadweight Loss...
Price
Lost gains
from trade
PB
Supply
Size of tax
Price = P1
without tax
P
S
Cost to
sellers
Value to
buyers
0
Q2
Q1
Demand
Quantity
Reduction in quantity due to the tax
Determinants of Deadweight Loss
The magnitude of the deadweight loss depends on
how much the quantity supplied and quantity
demanded respond to changes in the price.
That, in turn, depends on the price elasticities of
supply and demand.
P
P
S
Pg1
P0
Pg2
S
T
T
P0
Pn 2
Pn 1
ΔQ
Q1
ΔQ
D1
Q
Q0
S
P0
Pn 2
Pn 1
D2
Q1
Q2 Q0
Q2 Q0
When demand is
relatively inelastic,
the deadweight loss
of a tax is smaller.
P
Pg2
Pg1
D2
D1
Q
When demand is
relatively more elastic,
the deadweight loss
of a tax is larger.
Q
P
P
S2
S1
Pg1
P0
Pg2
P0
T
T
Pn 1
D
ΔQ
Q1
ΔQ
Q
Q0
P
Pn 2
When supply is
relatively inelastic,
the deadweight loss
of a tax is smaller.
S2
S1
Pg1
Pg2
P0
Pn 1
Pn 2
When supply is
relatively elastic,
the deadweight loss
of a tax is larger.
D
Q1 Q2 Q0
Q2 Q0
Q
D
Q
Determinants of Deadweight Loss
The greater the elasticities of demand and
supply:
 the larger will be the decline in
equilibrium quantity and,
 the greater the deadweight loss of a tax.
Relationship between the tax revenue collected
and the price elasticity of demand
tax revenue:
T • Q1
P
tax revenue:
T • Q2
Pg2
Pg1
S
P0
Pn2
Pn 1
D2
Q1
Q2 Q0
D1
Q
For a given equilibrium quantity prior to the introduction of a tax
(e.g., Q0), the tax revenue collected from the tax will be larger as the
price elasticity of demand is smaller.
Relationship between the tax revenue collected
and the price elasticity of supply
P
tax revenue:
T • Q1
S2
S1
Pg1
Pg2
P0
tax revenue:
T • Q2
Pn 1
Pn 2
D
Q1 Q2 Q0
Q
For a given equilibrium quantity prior to the introduction of a tax
(e.g., Q0), the tax revenue collected from the tax will be larger as the
price elasticity of supply is smaller.
Deadweight Loss and Tax Revenue...
(a) Small Tax
Price
Supply
Deadweight
loss
PB
PS
Tax revenue
Demand
0
Q2 Q1
Quantity
Deadweight Loss and Tax Revenue...
(b) Medium Tax
Price
Supply
Deadweight
loss
PB
Tax
revenue
PS
Demand
0
Q2
Q1
Quantity
Deadweight Loss and Tax Revenue...
(c) Large Tax
Price
Supply
PB
Deadweight
loss
Demand
PS
0
Q2
Q1
Quantity
Deadweight Loss and Tax Revenue
For the small tax, tax revenue is
small.
As the size of the tax rises, tax
revenue grows.
But as the size of the tax continues to
rise, tax revenue falls because the
higher tax reduces the size of the
market.