Transcript Referencing

GUIDE TO REFERENCING IN
ANTHROPOLOGY
DANGER NGOZI
Plagiarism is completely
unacceptable especially
if you are a student or an
academic, it destroys all
credibility: Don’t go
there!
Plagiarize: to steal and pass off (the
ideas or words of another) as one's
own : use (a created production)
without crediting the source : to
commit literary theft : present as new
and original an idea or product
derived from an existing source.
(from Webster’s Dictionary)
This means that you cannot copy
anything out of a book, newspaper,
journal or any other printed source.
It also means that you cannot copy
anything off a website. You cannot
even change the words but make the
same point or use the same idea.
This does not mean that you cannot
use the words and ideas of other
people in your work. You most
certainly can - in fact as a student
you are required to - but you have to
give credit to the people whose
words and ideas you are using.
You do this by Referencing.
What is a text???
Referencing has two parts:
1. Citation in the text: Every single time you use the
words or ideas of somebody else, even if this is an
anonymous person on the internet you give their name
(or write ‘Anon’ and the date of publication (or ‘n.d.’ if
the date is unknown).
2. Referencing at the end of the document: Every
book, article, website or other source whatsoever that
you have cited in the text must be listed in the
References or if you include your broader readings that
you have not necessarily cited, the Bibliography.
A text is a written document. It includes:
• Books
• Articles from academic journals,
newspapers, popular magazines etc
• Information on websites
• Your practical exercises, tutorials,
dvd reviews, essays, tests and exams
Referencing
Referencing has two parts:
1. Citation in the text: Every single time you use the
words of ideas of somebody else, even if this is an
anonymous person on the internet you give their name
(or write ‘Anon’ and the date of publication (or ‘n.d.’ if
the date is unknown).
Citation involves only three things:
• the authors surname
• the date of publication
• the number of the page on which the information
was found
2. Referencing at the end of the document: Every
book, article, website or other source whatsoever that
you have cited in the text must be listed in the
References or if you include your broader readings that
you have not necessarily cited, the Bibliography.
Referencing includes not only the name of the author
and date of publication, but also:
• The form of publication: book / article / website, etc
• The name of the publisher
• The place of publication
• Page numbers in the case of journal articles and
chapters in edited volumes.
For example, in following sentence:
“Clan members tend to be widely scattered and are
often to be found living in more than one tribal area
(Mzolo, 1978:207). “ CITATION
This author has read about residence patterns of Nguni
clans in Mzolo’s work and so cites him.
At the end of his or her written text, the author will
include a bibliography which will list – alphabetically - all
the books and other sources used. Authors and other
sources cited in the text are referenced according to the
following format:
Mzolo, D. 1978. Zulu Clan Praises. In John REFERENCE
Argyle and
Eleanor Preston-Whyte (eds). Social System and
Tradition in Southern Africa. Cape Town: Oxford
University Press.
Referencing a book
Mithen, S.
2005 The singing Neanderthals. London: Phoenix.
Referencing a chapter from an edited volume
Hays, T.E.
1994
‘From Ethnographer to Comparativist and Back Again’ in Ember, M et al (Eds),
Research Frontiers: Ethnographic Originals. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Referencing a journal article
NB: When referencing a journal
article include the page numbers
Britton, H.
2006
‘Organising against Gender Violence in South Africa’ in Journal of
Southern African Studies 32(1):145-163.
Referencing a website
What date did
you access the
information?
BBC News
2005 ‘No 10: Blunkett should keep job’ (online). Available from
http://news.bbc.co.uk/ [Accessed 25 April 2007]
How to use the words and ideas of others in your text:
The above is an extract from an article that appeared on page
191 of a 1974 edition of the Journal of Anthropological Research
(see reference below).
Denham, Woodrow W.
1974
‘Population structure, infant transport, and infanticide among Pleistocene and
Modern Hunter-Gatherers’ in Journal of Anthropological Research Vol 30.
The first way that you can use Denham’s information is by paraphrasing it.
Two ways of paraphrasing:
1. Acknowledge Denham directly in the text:
According to Denham (1974:191) the importance of
infanticide as a means of increasing spacing between
children among Pleistocene hunter-gatherers has been
overestimated.
Second way of paraphrasing:
Second way of paraphrasing:
2. Acknowledge Denham in the citation but not the text:
Infanticide might not have played as important a role
in child-spacing as was previously thought (Denham,
1974:191).
The second way of using Denham’s information is by
quoting it directly:
If it is a short quote – less than 3 lines, make sure that
you enclose it in quotation marks and include it in the
body of your text as part of your paragraph:
According to Denham (1974:191), “[i]nfanticide has
received a great deal of attention from anthropologists
wherever it has been detected”. He goes on to point out
that…
According to Denham (1974:191), “[i]nfanticide has
received a great deal of attention from anthropologists
wherever it has been detected”. He goes on to point out
that…
If the quote is longer than 3 lines, set it apart from your
paragraph and indent it (in this case you do not need to
use quotation marks):
Denham (1974:191) makes the point that infanticide might not
have played as important a role in child-spacing as was previously
thought:
Infanticide […] has been suggested […] as a
practice that was typical of Pleistocene huntergatherer populations. […] [T]he importance of
infanticide as a method of spacing infants
among Pleistocene populations probably has been
overestimated, and […] there are several good
reasons to doubt that it has ever been common on
a world-wide, species-wide basis.
[nfanticide […] has been suggested […] as a
practice that was typical of Pleistocene huntergatherer populations. […] [T]he importance of
infanticide as a method of spacing infants
among Pleistocene populations probably has been
overestimated, and […] there are several good
reasons to doubt that it has ever been common on
a world-wide, species-wide basis.