Transcript Codon and Mutationsx - The Louis Armstrong Middle School

LT- Today, I can apply concepts to construct my
understanding of how proteins are made from
genes by citing information from my model,
texts, and videos.
How are genes read to make proteins?
When you look at a person, you see skin, eyes, hair, etc. What substance are
these features made of?
Write in notes:
When you look at a person, you are looking at proteins. Their skin, eyes, hair, etc.
When genes are being read to make proteins, the bases are read in threes.
These groups of three are referred to as CODONS.
Codons- A sequence of three nitrogen bases in a gene sequence that code for a
specific amino acid
Amino Acid- Building blocks of proteins (ie: proteins are made up of amino acids)
*Each codon codes for one amino acid.
*Multiple amino acids code for one protein.
• For the following nucleic acids, practice
groupings the bases into codons
• ATTGCGTAC
ATT GCG TAC
• GTACCGGGTACGTAC
GTA CCG GGT ACG TAC
• Identify the nitrogen base in the first nucleotide
for the third codon for both nucleic acids above.
(The correct nitrogen bases have been
highlighted in red.)
LT- Today, I can cite information from our
models, text, and video to construct my
understanding of genetic mutations.
What are genetic mutations and how do they
effect genes?
Do Now- When you hear the words mutation,
what do you think of?
Telephone
You will be given a phrase.
Whisper the phrase word for word to the student right next to you
until the last student in a line receives the phrase.
The last person will write down the phrase.
“I am a student at Louis Armstrong Middle School.”
"I tried bleaching my hair and it turned orange.”
"The quick brown fox jumped over a lazy dog eating a hamburger.”
"We have contacted your Earth governments and they refused our
existence.“
“Yolanda’s aunt shared her secret sweet potato pie recipe with me.”
You were asked to restate (or copy) a phrase word
for word from person to person.
Sometimes a task like this is done successfully.
Sometimes a task like this is done with little error
and the end statement is very similar to the original
statement.
Sometimes a task like this is done with so many
errors that the end statement is nothing like the
beginning statement and the statement changes in
meaning greatly.
DNA is copied when new cells
are made.
Why do new cells need to be
made?
• For the organism to grow
• For the repair and
replacement of old or lost
cells.
Mutation- a permanent change in the nitrogen
bases that make up a gene.
Hereditary (germline) mutation- a mutation that
is passed from parent to offspring.
Acquired (somatic) mutation- a mutation that
occurs some time during the individual’s life.
Caused by environmental factors.
Read : “What is a Gene Mutation and how do Mutations Occur?”
When DNA is being copied, an error can be made in the arrangement
of the base pairs.
A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene.
There are different types of mutations (we have read about some of
them–
SANDERS
Point (substitution)
SNNDERS
Deletion
SDERS
Insertion
SANANDERS
Frameshift
SANDERS
SDERS
Can mutations be harmful?
Are mutations always harmful?
Disadvantage: Some mutations can be harmful
(such as genetic diseases).
Advantage: Some mutations can have no effect
at all.
And MANY mutations can be beneficial.
Next Step:
How exactly do mutations effect the job of the gene?
1. What do genes produce?
Genes are codes for producing proteins.
2. How do mutations effect the gene (refer to nitrogen bases
and codons in your answer)?
Mutations change the nitrogen bases in a gene which
changes the codons.
3. If you change the codons, what does this effect?
IF the codons change the amino acids may change and
if the amino acids change the protein will change.
EACH TYPE OF PROTEIN HAS A SPECIFIC SHAPE THAT
ALLOWS IT TO DO ITS JOB
When DNA is copied:
Often the copy (of the nitrogen bases) is exactly
the same as the original and it gets the same job done.
Sometimes the copy is different then the original
and it gets a similar job done. The shape of the protein
is not altered significantly.
This leads to variation.
Sometimes the copy is different then the original
and it does not get the job done correctly or at all. The
shape is altered significantly.
This leads to genetic diseases.
Next Step:
How exactly do mutations effect the job of the
gene?
Video- “Finding Cures is Hard”
1. What do genes produce? (In other words,
genes are recipes for making
different______)
2. How do mutations effect the job of the
gene?
3. What type of mutation is cystic fibrosis?
Practice for lab:
ATGTACGTAATGGTA
Separate into codons
ATG TAC GTA ATG GTA
Create a deletion mutation in the fourth codon.
Delete the 2nd and 3rd nitrogen base.
ATG TAC GTA AGT A
1. Variation in a species is important because
it may give individuals within a species a
advantage for survival.
2. In a population of polar bears, some may
develop thicker fur. How?
The polar bears with thicker fur may have the
advantage to survive. Why?
If the environment gets colder.
“Genetic Variation”
1) Why are humans genetically so similar?
2) How will variation in humans become
greater?
Your work:
Must be written in full sentences.
Must be neat.
If your work is not written in full sentences and
is not neat, you will receive a 0.
And you need to use your notes to help
you answer questions.
ATGCTA
TACGAT
AGGCTA
TCCGAT
ATGCTAATG
TACGATTAC
LT- Today, I can make connections between
genetic diseases/disorders and cellular function
by researching a genetic disease and applying
my understanding of diffusion to how genetic
diseases affect the body.
How does diabetes type 1 disrupt diffusion
through the cell membrane?