Transcript Size

B3 Spaced learning
Muscle and liver
cells – large
number
B3
Mitochondria – respiration
produces energy here, found in
cytoplasm.
Molecules of life
Structure worked out by by Watson
and Crick – used data from other
scientists – X-ray of double helix and
data on bases in pairs – (not
accepted immediately, need for
repeat by others
Protein – amino
acid code is 3
bases, base
sequence
amino acid
sequence
Genetic code
– controls cell
activity and
organisms
characteristics
DNA Controls
production of
proteins
(enzymes) for
growth and
repair
Long coiled
molecule –
divided into
genes
DNA as two strands coiled to form a double helix, four
different bases form cross links between the strands
(pairs of bases). Complimentary base pairs A-T and C-G.
Genes Coded
informationeach a
different
sequence of
bases for a
particular
protein
Gene can not leave nucleus
– copied (mRNA) and
protein made (synthesised)
in ribosomes in the
cytoplasm.
Optimum
temp and
pH. (affect
rate of
reaction)
Function of
cell
determined
by switched
off/on genes
Different proteins,
different number
and sequence of
amino acids,
different shape,
different function.
Extreme pH and high temperature – denature
(irreversible – shape of active site changed)
Q10 = rate at higher temperature
rate at lower temperature
Enzymes – Biological catalyst proteins that speed up reactions,
respiration, photosynthesis
protein synthesis.
Proteins and Mutations
Mutations - Changes to
genes – occurs
spontaneously, radiation
and chemicals– different
proteins – harmful or
beneficial. Alter, prevent
production of protein
Long chains of amino acids, Example Collagen - Structural, Insulin - Hormone,
Haemoglobin – Carrier molecule
Different cells and different
organisms make different
proteins
Controlled by enzymes –
affected by temperature
and pH
Respiration
Pulse rate and breathing increase during exercise to get
more oxygen to cells to provide more energy through
aerobic respiration. This stays high to replace oxygen and
remove lactic acid to liver after exercise.
Experiment – 1 - Resting
rate and recovery time pulse rate taken at
intervals. 2- compare
respiration rates, O2
and CO2
Oxygen consumption –
measure of metabolic
rate
RQ = Carbon dioxide produced
Oxygen used
Makes ATP produces energy
– in plants and animals for
muscle contractions,
protein synthesis and body
temperature control
(mammals).
Anaerobic respiration When not enough oxygen
can be supplied.
Glucose  Lactic acid
(+little energy)
Lactic acid causes pain and
fatigue.
Oxygen Debt – incomplete breakdown of glucose,
lactic acid builds up and removed during recovery.
Simple organisms - Unicellular
organisms
Cell Multicellular
- Allows organisms to be larger
- Allows for cell differentiation
division - Allows complexity
Replicate - unzip and form
complimentary base pairs, then divide
– line up, divide and move to poles
Mitosis
Required for replacement and repair
of tissues and new cells for growth.
- Requires specialised organs systems
- Cell Communication
- Supply of nutrients
- Exchange control
Meiosis
Asexual reproduction – Mitosis
(copy – genetically identical)
Sperm
– produced in large numbers for increased
chance of fertilisation.
- Many mitochondria to provide energy
- Acrosome releases enzyme to digest egg
Sexual reproduction – gametes join in fertilisation
to form a Zygote – half the genes come from each
parent controlling characteristics. Causes genetic
variation.
Meiosis makes Gametes (Haploid 23)– half the
number of chromosomes of body cells (Diploid
46). Each one genetically different due to 2
divisions and copies moving to opposite poles.
Components of blood:
Red blood cells
– no nucleus – increases space in cell,
- contains haemoglobin – carries O2, absorbed to
form oxyhaemoglobin in lungs, reverse happens
in tissues,
- size - small,
- shape – increased surface area. Large surface
area to volume ratio.
White blood cells – fight disease.
Platelets – help the blood to clot.
Plasma – Liquid contains dissolved substance
and transports them around the body.
Hormones
Antibodies
Nutrients, such as water, glucose, amino acids,
minerals and vitamins
Waste substances, such as carbon dioxide and
urea.
The circulatory system
Transports substances around the body
Heart – pumps blood (pressure difference)
Right side – lungs
Left side (Ventricle thicker) - body
Double
circulatory
system –
higher
pressures,
greater
flow to
tissues
Blood travels in:
Arteries – higher pressure, transport
blood away from the heart, thick
muscular and elastic.
Veins – to the heart, large lumen and
valves.
Capillaries – exchanging material with
tissue, permeability.
Growth and development
Stained slide of onion:
Vacuole - Contains Bacteria cells are
cell sap, support
Cell wall - Made
of cellulose,
support
Plant growth
Animal
Continuous
Cell division in meristems
Enlargement to gain
height
Differentiate
Final size
Cell division everywhere
to gain height
Loose ability to
differentiate
2 phases of
Rapid growth
Birth
Adolescents
Growth of parts
differ from whole
organism
smaller and simpler –
no true nucleus (single
circular strand DNA),
no mitochondria, no
chloroplasts
Growth:
Measured by
Height/length, wet mass
and Dry mass(best).
Is cell division followed by
differentiation
(specialisation)
Ads and dis advantages
Length – Alive
Dry mass – Dead – water
removed.
Wet mass - Alive
Stem cells – undifferentiated develop into different cells, tissue
and organs. Embrionic tissue – treat medical conditions. Animal
testing – ethics. Adult stem cells – from bone marrow
1.Cut open an onion
2.Use forceps, peel thin layer of
epidermis
3.Lay on a microscope slide
4.Add a drop of iodine solution.
5.Place a cover slip over.
Animals– grow in early
stages, all parts grow.
Plants – grow their whole
life, specific parts of the
plant grow.
Selective breeding:
How:
• Select desired characteristic
• Cross breed
• Select suitable offspring over many
generations
Disadvantage:
• Reduced gene pool
• Inbreeding – health problems
• Accumulation of harmful recessive
characteristics
• Reduced variation
Use:
Improve
Agricultural
yield
Genetic engineering/ Genetic modification
How:
• Select desired characteristic
• Isolation of genes responsible
• Selected genes transferred artificially from one
type of organism and inserted into another.
• Replication of organism.
• Produces organisms with different
characteristics
Advantages:
• Could be used to cure human genetic disorders
• Desired organisms produced rapidly
Disadvantage:
• Inserted genes have unexpected harmful effect
• Ethical issues
Gene Therapy: Changing persons genes in Examples:
• Beta-carotene production gene put into rice –
an attempt to cure disorders.
humans convert to vitamin A
Involves body cells or gametes
• Human insulin made by GE bacteria.
Gametes - controversial
• Resistance to herbicides, frost and disease genes
transferred.
New genes for old
Plant clones – cuttings and tissue culture.
Advantages
- sure of characteristics as identical
- Mass produce plants that are difficult to seed
Disadvantages
-Lack of genetic variation
-All plants affected by disease or environmental change
Occurs naturally in spider
Plantlets plants, strawberries runners, potatoes.
Tissue culture
Select characteristic, - large number of small pieces of
tissue, - aseptic technique, - use growth medium and
conditions.
Easier in plants than animals – cells differentiate
Branch cut off,
lower leaves removed,
put in damp compost
(plant hormone – rooting powder used)
Covered,
roots develop,
new plant grows
Cloning
Example of asexual reproduction.
Produces genetically identical copies.
Naturally occurs cloning - twins
Dolly the sheep
First mammal cloned from an adult body cell.
surrogate
mother
sheep
Uses of cloning
– Mass producing animals with desired characteristics.
- Genetically engineered animals to provided human products.
- Human embryos to supply stem cells for therapy, (ethical
dilemmas).
- GM animals supply replacement organs for humans
(controversial)
Lets Dance
Large numbers
in?
Mitochondria – what happens here
and where are they found?
Molecules of life
Structure worked out by ?
Used data from other scientists ?
(not accepted immediately?
Protein – amino
acid code is ?
Base sequence?
Genetic code
– definition
DNA –
Controls ?
Chromosome
– definition?
DNA as two strands coiled to form a __________, four
different bases form ________between the strands
(pairs of bases). Complimentary base pairs ___ and ___.
Genes –
definition?
each a
different
sequence of
bases for a
particular
protein
Gene can not __________–
copied (mRNA) and protein
made (synthesised) in
________ in the ________.
Muscle and liver
cells – large
number
Mitochondria – respiration
produces energy here, found in
cytoplasm.
Molecules of life
Structure worked out by by Watson
and Crick – used data from other
scientists – X-ray of double helix and
data on bases in pairs – (not
accepted immediately, need for
repeat by others
Protein – amino
acid code is 3
bases, base
sequence
amino acid
sequence
Genetic code
– controls cell
activity and
organisms
characteristics
DNA Controls
production of
proteins
(enzymes) for
growth and
repair
Long coiled
molecule –
divided into
genes
DNA as two strands coiled to form a double helix, four
different bases form cross links between the strands
(pairs of bases). Complimentary base pairs A-T and C-G.
Genes Coded
informationeach a
different
sequence of
bases for a
particular
protein
Gene can not leave nucleus
– copied (mRNA) and
protein made (synthesised)
in ribosomes in the
cytoplasm.
Optimum
temp?
Definition?
Extreme pH and high temperature – ________?
Q10 = ?
Enzymes –definition?
Examples of reactions?
Function of
cell
determined
___________ Definition? Example? Type of protein?
___________
genes
Proteins and Mutations
Mutations – definition?
occurs spontaneously,
_________________–
different proteins –
harmful or beneficial.
Alter, prevent production
of protein
Different proteins,
have?
Causing a
different shape and
different function.
______ cells and _______
organisms make ________
proteins
Optimum
temp and
pH. (affect
rate of
reaction)
Function of
cell
determined
by switched
off/on genes
Different proteins,
different number
and sequence of
amino acids,
different shape,
different function.
Extreme pH and high temperature – denature
(irreversible – shape of active site changed)
Q10 = rate at higher temperature
rate at lower temperature
Enzymes – Biological catalyst proteins that speed up reactions,
respiration, photosynthesis
protein synthesis.
Proteins and Mutations
Mutations - Changes to
genes – occurs
spontaneously, radiation
and chemicals– different
proteins – harmful or
beneficial. Alter, prevent
production of protein
Long chains of amino acids, Example Collagen - Structural, Insulin - Hormone,
Haemoglobin – Carrier molecule
Different cells and different
organisms make different
proteins
Controlled by enzymes –
affected by temperature
and pH
Respiration
Pulse rate and breathing increase during exercise to get
more oxygen to cells to provide more energy through
aerobic respiration. This stays high to replace oxygen and
remove lactic acid to liver after exercise.
Experiment – 1 - Resting
rate and recovery time pulse rate taken at
intervals. 2- compare
respiration rates, O2
and CO2
Oxygen consumption –
measure of metabolic
rate
RQ = Carbon dioxide produced
Oxygen used
Makes ATP produces energy
– in plants and animals for
muscle contractions,
protein synthesis and body
temperature control
(mammals).
Anaerobic respiration When not enough oxygen
can be supplied.
Glucose  Lactic acid
(+little energy)
Lactic acid causes pain and
fatigue.
Oxygen Debt – incomplete breakdown of glucose,
lactic acid builds up and removed during recovery.
Controlled by enzymes –
affected by temperature
and pH
Respiration
Pulse rate and breathing increase during exercise to get
more oxygen to cells to provide more energy through
aerobic respiration. This stays high to replace oxygen and
remove lactic acid to liver after exercise.
Experiment – 1 - Resting
rate and recovery time pulse rate taken at
intervals. 2- compare
respiration rates, O2
and CO2
Oxygen consumption –
measure of metabolic
rate
RQ = Carbon dioxide produced
Oxygen used
Makes ATP produces energy
– in plants and animals for
muscle contractions,
protein synthesis and body
temperature control
(mammals).
Anaerobic respiration When not enough oxygen
can be supplied.
Glucose  Lactic acid
(+little energy)
Lactic acid causes pain and
fatigue.
Oxygen Debt – incomplete breakdown of glucose,
lactic acid builds up and removed during recovery.
Simple organisms - Unicellular
organisms
Cell Multicellular
- Allows organisms to be larger
- Allows for cell differentiation
division - Allows complexity
Replicate - unzip and form
complimentary base pairs, then divide
– line up, divide and move to poles
Mitosis
Required for replacement and repair
of tissues and new cells for growth.
- Requires specialised organs systems
- Cell Communication
- Supply of nutrients
- Exchange control
Meiosis
Asexual reproduction – Mitosis
(copy – genetically identical)
Sperm
– produced in large numbers for increased
chance of fertilisation.
- Many mitochondria to provide energy
- Acrosome releases enzyme to digest egg
Sexual reproduction – gametes join in fertilisation
to form a Zygote – half the genes come from each
parent controlling characteristics. Causes genetic
variation.
Meiosis makes Gametes (Haploid 23)– half the
number of chromosomes of body cells (Diploid
46). Each one genetically different due to 2
divisions and copies moving to opposite poles.
Simple organisms - Unicellular
organisms
Cell Multicellular
- Allows organisms to be larger
- Allows for cell differentiation
division - Allows complexity
Replicate - unzip and form
complimentary base pairs, then divide
– line up, divide and move to poles
Mitosis
Required for replacement and repair
of tissues and new cells for growth.
- Requires specialised organs systems
- Cell Communication
- Supply of nutrients
- Exchange control
Meiosis
Asexual reproduction – Mitosis
(copy – genetically identical)
Sperm
– produced in large numbers for increased
chance of fertilisation.
- Many mitochondria to provide energy
- Acrosome releases enzyme to digest egg
Sexual reproduction – gametes join in fertilisation
to form a Zygote – half the genes come from each
parent controlling characteristics. Causes genetic
variation.
Meiosis makes Gametes (Haploid 23)– half the
number of chromosomes of body cells (Diploid
46). Each one genetically different due to 2
divisions and copies moving to opposite poles.
Components of blood:
Red blood cells
– no nucleus – increases space in cell,
- contains haemoglobin – carries O2, absorbed to
form oxyhaemoglobin in lungs, reverse happens
in tissues,
- size - small,
- shape – increased surface area. Large surface
area to volume ratio.
White blood cells – fight disease.
Platelets – help the blood to clot.
Plasma – Liquid contains dissolved substance
and transports them around the body.
Hormones
Antibodies
Nutrients, such as water, glucose, amino acids,
minerals and vitamins
Waste substances, such as carbon dioxide and
urea.
The circulatory system
Transports substances around the body
Heart – pumps blood (pressure difference)
Right side – lungs
Left side (Ventricle thicker) - body
Double
circulatory
system –
higher
pressures,
greater
flow to
tissues
Blood travels in:
Arteries – higher pressure, transport
blood away from the heart, thick
muscular and elastic.
Veins – to the heart, large lumen and
valves.
Capillaries – exchanging material with
tissue, permeability.
Components of blood:
Red blood cells
– no nucleus – increases space in cell,
- contains haemoglobin – carries O2, absorbed to
form oxyhaemoglobin in lungs, reverse happens
in tissues,
- size - small,
- shape – increased surface area. Large surface
area to volume ratio.
White blood cells – fight disease.
Platelets – help the blood to clot.
Plasma – Liquid contains dissolved substance
and transports them around the body.
Hormones
Antibodies
Nutrients, such as water, glucose, amino acids,
minerals and vitamins
Waste substances, such as carbon dioxide and
urea.
The circulatory system
Transports substances around the body
Heart – pumps blood (pressure difference)
Right side – lungs
Left side (Ventricle thicker) - body
Double
circulatory
system –
higher
pressures,
greater
flow to
tissues
Blood travels in:
Arteries – higher pressure, transport
blood away from the heart, thick
muscular and elastic.
Veins – to the heart, large lumen and
valves.
Capillaries – exchanging material with
tissue, permeability.
Growth and development
Stained slide of onion:
Vacuole - Contains Bacteria cells are
cell sap, support
Cell wall - Made
of cellulose,
support
Plant growth
Animal
Continuous
Cell division in meristems
Enlargement to gain
height
Differentiate
Final size
Cell division everywhere
to gain height
Loose ability to
differentiate
2 phases of
Rapid growth
Birth
Adolescents
Growth of parts
differ from whole
organism
smaller and simpler –
no true nucleus (single
circular strand DNA),
no mitochondria, no
chloroplasts
Growth:
Measured by
Height/length, wet mass
and Dry mass(best).
Is cell division followed by
differentiation
(specialisation)
Ads and dis advantages
Length – Alive
Dry mass – Dead – water
removed.
Wet mass - Alive
Stem cells – undifferentiated develop into different cells, tissue
and organs. Embrionic tissue – treat medical conditions. Animal
testing – ethics. Adult stem cells – from bone marrow
1.Cut open an onion
2.Use forceps, peel thin layer of
epidermis
3.Lay on a microscope slide
4.Add a drop of iodine solution.
5.Place a cover slip over.
Animals– grow in early
stages, all parts grow.
Plants – grow their whole
life, specific parts of the
plant grow.
Growth and development
Stained slide of onion:
Vacuole - Contains Bacteria cells are
cell sap, support
Cell wall - Made
of cellulose,
support
Plant growth
Animal
Continuous
Cell division in meristems
Enlargement to gain
height
Differentiate
Final size
Cell division everywhere
to gain height
Loose ability to
differentiate
2 phases of
Rapid growth
Birth
Adolescents
Growth of parts
differ from whole
organism
smaller and simpler –
no true nucleus (single
circular strand DNA),
no mitochondria, no
chloroplasts
Growth:
Measured by
Height/length, wet mass
and Dry mass(best).
Is cell division followed by
differentiation
(specialisation)
Ads and dis advantages
Length – Alive
Dry mass – Dead – water
removed.
Wet mass - Alive
Stem cells – undifferentiated develop into different cells, tissue
and organs. Embrionic tissue – treat medical conditions. Animal
testing – ethics. Adult stem cells – from bone marrow
1.Cut open an onion
2.Use forceps, peel thin layer of
epidermis
3.Lay on a microscope slide
4.Add a drop of iodine solution.
5.Place a cover slip over.
Animals– grow in early
stages, all parts grow.
Plants – grow their whole
life, specific parts of the
plant grow.
Selective breeding:
How:
• Select desired characteristic
• Cross breed
• Select suitable offspring over many
generations
Disadvantage:
• Reduced gene pool
• Inbreeding – health problems
• Accumulation of harmful recessive
characteristics
• Reduced variation
Use:
Improve
Agricultural
yield
Genetic engineering/ Genetic modification
How:
• Select desired characteristic
• Isolation of genes responsible
• Selected genes transferred artificially from one
type of organism and inserted into another.
• Replication of organism.
• Produces organisms with different
characteristics
Advantages:
• Could be used to cure human genetic disorders
• Desired organisms produced rapidly
Disadvantage:
• Inserted genes have unexpected harmful effect
• Ethical issues
Gene Therapy: Changing persons genes in Examples:
• Beta-carotene production gene put into rice –
an attempt to cure disorders.
humans convert to vitamin A
Involves body cells or gametes
• Human insulin made by GE bacteria.
Gametes - controversial
• Resistance to herbicides, frost and disease genes
transferred.
New genes for old
Selective breeding:
How:
• Select desired characteristic
• Cross breed
• Select suitable offspring over many
generations
Disadvantage:
• Reduced gene pool
• Inbreeding – health problems
• Accumulation of harmful recessive
characteristics
• Reduced variation
Use:
Improve
Agricultural
yield
Genetic engineering/ Genetic modification
How:
• Select desired characteristic
• Isolation of genes responsible
• Selected genes transferred artificially from one
type of organism and inserted into another.
• Replication of organism.
• Produces organisms with different
characteristics
Advantages:
• Could be used to cure human genetic disorders
• Desired organisms produced rapidly
Disadvantage:
• Inserted genes have unexpected harmful effect
• Ethical issues
Gene Therapy: Changing persons genes in Examples:
• Beta-carotene production gene put into rice –
an attempt to cure disorders.
humans convert to vitamin A
Involves body cells or gametes
• Human insulin made by GE bacteria.
Gametes - controversial
• Resistance to herbicides, frost and disease genes
transferred.
New genes for old
Plant clones – cuttings and tissue culture.
Advantages
- sure of characteristics as identical
- Mass produce plants that are difficult to seed
Disadvantages
-Lack of genetic variation
-All plants affected by disease or environmental change
Occurs naturally in spider
Plantlets plants, strawberries runners, potatoes.
Tissue culture
Select characteristic, - large number of small pieces of
tissue, - aseptic technique, - use growth medium and
conditions.
Easier in plants than animals – cells differentiate
Branch cut off,
lower leaves removed,
put in damp compost
(plant hormone – rooting powder used)
Covered,
roots develop,
new plant grows
Cloning
Example of asexual reproduction.
Produces genetically identical copies.
Naturally occurs cloning - twins
Dolly the sheep
First mammal cloned from an adult body cell.
surrogate
mother
sheep
Uses of cloning
– Mass producing animals with desired characteristics.
- Genetically engineered animals to provided human products.
- Human embryos to supply stem cells for therapy, (ethical
dilemmas).
- GM animals supply replacement organs for humans
(controversial)
Plant clones – cuttings and tissue culture.
Advantages
- sure of characteristics as identical
- Mass produce plants that are difficult to seed
Disadvantages
-Lack of genetic variation
-All plants affected by disease or environmental change
Occurs naturally in spider
Plantlets plants, strawberries runners, potatoes.
Tissue culture
Select characteristic, - large number of small pieces of
tissue, - aseptic technique, - use growth medium and
conditions.
Easier in plants than animals – cells differentiate
Branch cut off,
lower leaves removed,
put in damp compost
(plant hormone – rooting powder used)
Covered,
roots develop,
new plant grows
Cloning
Example of asexual reproduction.
Produces genetically identical copies.
Naturally occurs cloning - twins
Dolly the sheep
First mammal cloned from an adult body cell.
surrogate
mother
sheep
Uses of cloning
– Mass producing animals with desired characteristics.
- Genetically engineered animals to provided human products.
- Human embryos to supply stem cells for therapy, (ethical
dilemmas).
- GM animals supply replacement organs for humans
(controversial)
Exam questions