Transcript X - misskuenneth

Genetics
Mendel Genetics
Study of heredity
• Genetics: ________________________________
Passing of traits from parents to offspring
• Heredity: ________________________________
egg
DNA
zygote
Gene (trait)
Mendel Genetics
where genes are located
section of a chromosome that
identifies a specific characteristic
variations of characteristics
ex. short vs. tall, blue vs. brown
vs. green
pairs therefore, genes also
chromatids occurs in ______
occur in ______
pairs
Mendel Genetics
Name
Diagram
Description
trait that is generally
expressed
- always shown by a capital
letter
trait that is rarely shown
* hidden trait (unless two
are present)
- always shown by a
lowercase letter
Mendel Genetics
Name
Diagram
Description
description of an objects
physical appearance (what it
looks like)
words= blue pentagon w/
white dots, squares,
triangles
DD,
Dd,
dd
description of the actual
genes present (genetic
make-up) = letters
Mendel Genetics
Name
Diagram
Description
homo = like/same
-like or same genes
present
hetero = different
-different genes
present
Mendel Genetics
Name
Diagram
D
Description
D
d
Dd
Dd
d
Dd
Dd
tool used to
show
combinations of
parent gametes
for possible
offspring
Mendel Genetics
Name
Diagram
Description
parent genes
offspring
genes
found on
on outside
inside of
-found
ofp.p.
square
square
D
D
d
Dd
Dd
d
Dd
Dd
Human Genetic Traits
• Characteristics
1. Handedness:
2. Hand-folding:
3. Mid-digit hair:
4. Tongue rolling:
5. Dimples:
6. Widow’s peak:
7. Earlobes:
Mendel Genetics
2 Laws to follow with genetics
____
1. _____________________
Law of Segregation
genes separate from each other
• occurs when ______
Meiosis
during ________,
so ___
1 gene can go to each cell
fertilization
• during ______________,
___
1 gene from the dad
and ___
1 of the same type from the mom come
together
G
Gg
g
gg
g
Mendel Genetics
Law of Independent assortment
2.______________________
alleles randomly distribute themselves during
• ________
gamete formation
_______
gamete is formed, there is an
• each time a ________
allele to occur
equal chance for each _______
______
egg and sperm cell
*gamete= ____________
D
d
D
Dd
DD
d
dd
Dd
Wildcats Share
Key: R = red
r = white
remember red is dominant; white is recessive
RR
genotype = _________
red
phenotype = ________
Rr
genotype = _________
red
phenotype = ________
genotype = rr
_________
white
phenotype = ________
rR
genotype = _________
red
phenotype = ________
Wildcats Share
Using the key below, determine the missing genotypes and
phenotypes.
R = red flowers
T = tall plants
r = white flowers
t = short plants
Tall
Red
A. TT ______________
C. Rr ______________
white
tall
B. rr ______________
D. Tt ______________
TT Tt
A. Tall plants
____________________
tt
B. Short plants
____________________
RR
Rr
C. Red flowers
____________________
rr
D. White
____________________
H.W. Practice
• Remember …
– A smooth pea pod shape is dominant over a wrinkled
pod shape
• WW, Ww= smooth, ww= wrinkled
– Green pod color is dominant over yellow pod color
• GG, Gg= green, gg= yellow
– Purple flower color is dominant over white flower color
• PP, Pp= purple, pp= white
– … and tall plants are dominant over short color
• TT, Tt= tall, tt= short
H.W. Practice
1. Cross a tall heterozygous pea plant with a short
pea plant
Tt
X
tt
Tall
T
t
t
Tt
Tt
X
Short
t
tt
tt
F1: Genotypes
and ratios
Tt= 50%
tt=
50%
F1: Phenotypes
and ratios
Tall =
50%
Short = 50%
H.W. Practice
2. Cross a homozygous smooth shape plant with a
wrinkled plant WW X ww
smooth
W
w
w
Ww
Ww
X
wrinkled
W
Ww
Ww
F1: Genotypes
and ratios
Ww=
100%
F1: Phenotypes
and ratios
Smooth= 100%
Section 2: Double Traits
• In peas the following information is given:
R = smooth
G = green
r = wrinkled
g = yellow
Based on the given, what would the phenotypes of the
following be?
Smooth, green
wrinkled, green
• RRGg = __________________*
rrGg = ________________
Smooth, yellow
wrinkled, green
• RRgg = __________________*
rrGG = ________________
Smooth, green
• Rrgg = ___________________*
RrGg = ________________
Smooth, yellow
• rrgg = __________________*
RRGG = ________________
wrinkled, yellow
Smooth, green
Double Traits
Based on the given, what could the genotypes of the
following be?
rrGg
rrGG
• Wrinkled green seeds = _____________________
rrgg
• wrinkled, yellow seeds = _____________________
• smooth, green seeds = ______________________
RRGG RRGg RrGg RrGG
Rrgg
• smooth, yellow seeds = ______________________
RRgg
R = smooth
G = green
r = wrinkled
g = yellow
Double Traits
Using what we know about punnett squares and
single trait crosses, let’s solve the following
together…
A cross between a wrinkled yellow seed and a
heterozygous smooth green seed
Key:
rrgg X RrGg
rg
rg
rg
rg
RG
Rg
rG
rg
RG
rg
RrGg
Rg
rG
rg
Rrgg
rrGg
rrgg
rg
RrGg
Rrgg
rrGg
rrgg
rg
RrGg
Rrgg
rrGg
rrgg
RrGg
Rrgg
rrGg
rrgg
rg
•
•
•
•
P1 Genotypes:
P1 Phenotypes:
F1 Genotypes:
F1 Phenotypes:
rrGG X RrGg
Section 3: Sex-linked
46 chromosomes
•Each human cell has _____
–Chromosomes occur in __________
pairs
–Therefore there are _____
23 of chromosomes in
each human sex cell
#23
•The sex chromosome is _______.
It
determines the sex of the individual meaning
it determines if the individual is a _______
boy or
________.
girl
Section 3: Sex-linked
Males and Females have different genotypes:
X
X
X
Gametes=__________
XY
XX
X
X
X
XX
XX
Y
XY
XY
Y
We can see there is
50
____%
chance for the
baby to be a girl and a
50
____%
chance for the
baby to be a boy.
Section 3: Sex-Linked Genetics
• From this information which parent do you think
DAD
determines the sex of the baby? __________
XX
• Females have a _____
genotype, therefore
1
they have a _____
gene (trait) on each X
chromosome which give them a ______
of
Pair
genes (traits)
XY
• Males on the other hand have a _____
1
genotype, and therefore only have _____
gene
(trait) on the X chromosome and ______
genes
no
(traits) on the Y chromosome.
each individual must be identified – male
or female (XX or XY)
express the traits as a superscript
ex = XTXt
Y chromosome NEVER has a superscript
- Y NEVER carries a trait…
Section 3: Sex-Linked Genetics
XN XN
XNY
Xn Xn
XN Xn
Xn Y
Section 3: Sex-Linked Genetics
color-blind female
Xn Xn
homozygous normal vision female
X NX N
heterozygous normal vision female
X NX n
color-blind male
normal vision male
Xn Y
X NY
Section 3:Sex-Linked Genetics
• When identifying the phenotype of the
male sex, why is it that you do not have to
state homozygous or heterozygous in the
description?
Y chromosome NEVER has a
superscript
- Y NEVER carries a trait…
Wildcats Share
A heterozygous female marries a color blind male.
n = colorblind
N = normal vision
XNXn
X
XnY
50
% of having a child which is normal ____%
50
% of having a child who is colorblind ____%
% of F1 generation that are:
normal vision male
50%
color-blind male
50%
normal vision female 50%
color-blind female
50%
XN
Xn
Xn
XNXn XnXn
Y
XNY XnY
Wildcats Share
A homozygous female marries a color blind male.
n = colorblind
N = normal vision
XNXN
X
XnY
100
% of having a child which is normal ____%
0
% of having a child who is colorblind ____%
% of F1 generation that are:
normal vision male
100%
color-blind male
0%
normal vision female 100%
color-blind female
0%
XN
XN
Xn
XNXn XNXn
Y
XNY XNY
Wildcats Share
A color-blind female marries a normal vision male.
50
% of having a child which is normal ____%
50
% of having a child who is colorblind ____%
% of F1 generation that are:
normal vision male
0%
color-blind male
100%
normal vision female 100%
color-blind female
0%
Wildcats Share
1. From which parent does the male child
receive the sex-linked trait?
2. Is it possible to have a heterozygous male?
3. Why is it more likely to have a color-blind
male than a color-blind female?
Section 4: Incomplete/ Co-dominance
2 DOMINANT traits
_________________________
above
● neither trait is __________
the other, therefore- a
____________
New trait results
red flower + white flower= pink
=____________________________________
2 DOMINANT traits
_________________________
above
● neither trait is __________
the other, thereforeBoth traits
______________
show through
=Black feather chicken + white feather
chicken w/ black and white
chicken= _________________________________
feathers
Section 4: Incomplete/ Co-dominance
only capital letters used (both dominant)
Different letters used for both
traits
Section 4: Incomplete/ Co-dominance
FLOWERS
RED =
RR
BLUE =
PURPLE =
RB
BB
Section 4: Incomplete/ Co-dominance
CATTLE
RED =
RR
Wildcats Share
R = red
B = blue
Red
RR
RR
BB
RB
0%
0%
100%
red
blue
purple
X
Blue
X
BB
0%
0%
100%
R
R
B
RB
RB
B
RB
RB
Wildcats Share
R = red
R’ = blue
Red
RR
RR
BB
RB
50%
0%
50%
red
blue
purple
X
X
Purple
RB
50%
0%
50%
R
R
R
RR
RR
B
RB
RB
Wildcats Share
• How would the F1 ratios change if we
crossed a blue and a purple flower?
Instead of red we would have
blue, 50% purple and 50% blue
Wildcats Share
RR
BB
RB
25%
25%
50%
red
blue
purple
25%
25%
50%
Wildcats Share
R = red
W=White
Red
RR
RR
WW
RW
0%
0%
100%
red
white
Roan
X
White
X
WW
0%
0%
100%
R
R
W RW
RW
W RW
RW
Wildcats Share
R = red
R’=White
White X Roan
WW
RR
WW
RW
0%
50%
50%
red
white
Roan
X
RW
0%
50%
50%
W
R
W
RW
WW
W RW
WW
Wildcats Share
RR
WW
RW
25%
25%
50%
red
white
roan
25%
25%
50%
Co-Dominance
• What parents would have to be mated to get
ALL roan offspring?
Red
• P1 Phenotype ________
X ________
White
• P1 Genotype ________
X ________
RR
WW
• When the same parents were mated over
several years, only red and roan calves were
ever produced. Give the probable genotypes
of the parents,
• P1 ________
X ________
RR
RW
Section 5: Blood Typing
Mendel
● Blood typing combines the theories of ____________
co-dominance
and ______________.
3
● There are ________ genes (traits) present, but it
differs in the fact that two genes are considered
dominant
_____________ and one gene (trait) that is considered
recessive
____________ to the other two.
● Therefore, ABO blood typing is referred to as
multiple alleles
______________________________.
Section 5: Blood Typing
Section 5: Blood Typing
• What are the co-dominant blood types?
________
and __________
A
B
• What is the recessive blood type?
___________
O
Section 5: Blood Typing
A person with type O blood marries a person with type AB
blood, what types of blood can their children have?
OO
AA
AO
AB
A
AB
0%
50%
0%
50%
0%
BB
BO
OO
B
O
X
0%
50%
0%
50%
0%
AB
O
O
A
AO
AO
B
BO
BO
Wildcats Share
A person with type A blood marries a person with type B
blood, could they have a child with type O blood?
AO
AA
AO
AB
A
AB
0%
25%
25%
25%
25%
BB
BO
OO
B
O
X
0%
25%
25%
25%
25%
BO
A
O
B
AB
BO
O
AO
OO
Wildcats Share
Jack is married to Jane and Jim is married to Julie. Both couples have
little baby girls. Jack’s blood type O and Jane’s is AB. While Jim’s blood
type is heterozygous A and Julie’s is O. Baby Jamie has type O blood and
baby Jill has type B. Which baby belongs to which set of parents?
OO
AA
AO
AB
A
AB
0%
50%
0%
50%
0%
BB
BO
OO
B
O
X
AB
0%
50%
0%
50%
0%
A
B
O
AO
BO
O
AO
BO
Wildcats Share
Jack is married to Jane and Jim is married to Julie. Both couples have
little baby girls. Jack’s blood type O and Jane’s is AB. While Jim’s blood
type is heterozygous A and Julie’s is O. Baby Jamie has type O blood and
baby Jill has type B. Which baby belongs to which set of parents?
AO
AA
AO
AB
A
AB
0%
50%
0%
50%
0%
BB
BO
OO
B
O
X
OO
0%
0%
50%
0%
50%
A
O
O
AO
OO
O
AO
OO
Wildcats Share
• Answers: Jamie is Jim and
Julies Baby
Jill is Jack and
Janes Baby
Section 5: Blood Typing
The blood type of parents is often used as evidence in paternity cases.
Given below are the blood types of mothers and their children who are
involved in a paternity suit. Your job, as an expert for the defense, is to
determine all possible blood types for the father and to determine the
blood type (s) that would prove the man NOT to be the father, in turn
freeing him of any financial responsibility.
Mother is type A and the child is type B
AB
BO
BB
BB
AA
BB
AB AA
BO
B
AO
AO
BO
blood types that would prove this man is not the father: OO
AA
AO
OO
Mother’s
Genotype
what gene came
from dad
Child’s Genotype
blood types that
have that gene
Wildcats Share
Mother is type B and the child is type AB
Mother’s
Genotype
BB
BO
what gene came
Child’s Genotype
from dad
AB
A
AB
BO
BB
AA
AO
OO
blood types that
have that gene
AA
AB
AO
blood types that would prove this man is not the father:
BB
BO
OO
Wildcats Share
Mother is type B and the child is type O
Mother’s
Genotype
BB
BO
what gene came
Child’s Genotype
from dad
OO
O
blood types that
have that gene
BO
AO
OO
blood types that would prove this man is not the father:
BB
AB
AA
Section 6: Pedigree
recording a trait for a line of
ancestors
- like a family tree of traits
shows relationship
- shows gender
filled in= individual
has the trait
shows relationship
- marriage
shows relationships
- offspring
Pedigree
shows relationship
- siblings
shows relationship
- divorce
shows relationships
- adopted child
Key: T = roller
t = non-roller
tt
Tt
Male, non-roller
Male, roller
Tt
female, non-roller
tt
tt
Tt
female, roller
TT orTt
Tt
Tt
tt
Tt
Tt
Tt
Tt
Pedigree
• Is this trait dominant or recessive in this
family?
Dominant
Section 3: Sex-linked
Males and Females have different genotypes:
X
X
X
Y
Gametes=___________