Transcript Genes As Information

Genes As Information
Alleles
What alleles you have will determine what traits you have.
Each person has two alleles, or versions, of each gene
For example, if you have dimples you might have the allele
combination Dd
Dd
Why do you have two?
You have two pairs for each chromosome
Why are there two?
The gene is on both pairs, but the version of the gene might be
different. Each version is an allele
One allele is on one of the pairs.
D
d
Gene is a section of DNA
 Chromosomes are made of tightly wound DNA. A section of
the DNA is the gene.
Chromosome
Allele
DNA
 DNA contains information in the form of A T C G.
 The letter stands for the chemical that is present on the rung of
the double helix
There are lots of types of information!
This is information for proteins
 The combination ATCG is the instructions for the protein
that will be made.
ATGAGCCAGACACAACGCAAAACGCTGA
CGCTATTTGTGCTGGTACTGATCGGCATTA
ATATGCGCCCGCTACTGACCTCGATAGGT
CCA TTACTGCCGCAACTGCGGCA CGCAA
CTGGCATGAGCTTTACCTGGTTTCACTACT
GACCGCCCTTCCGGTCATCGCGATGGGG
GTGCTGGCGCTTGCCGGAGGCTGGGTTA
ACCGCCACGTTAGTGAAA ACCGCAGTATC
GCGCTAAGTCTGCTGGCGATTAGCATTGG
CGCGATGCTGCGTGAGCTGGCGCCGCA
AAGCGGTCTGCTGCTTAGCAGCGCGCTG
CTCGGCGGGATTGGCATCGGCGTGA TTC
AAGCGAT…
Similar to a recipe for cookies
 The recipe for a cookie gives you instructions for how to make a
cookie.
Combine:
2 1/4 cups flour
1 teaspoon baking soda
1 teaspoon salt
1 cup (2 sticks) butter, softened
3/4 cup granulated sugar
3/4 cup packed brown sugar
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
2 large eggs
2 cups Semi-sweet chocolate chips
Bake at 350 for 15 min
Changes in the DNA
 If there is a change in the DNA then the instructions for making
the protein will be different.
 If the instruction for making a protein is different than the protein
made with those instruction will be different.
ATGAGCCAGACACAACGCAAAACGCTGA
CGCTATTTGTGCTGGTACTGATCGGCATTA
ATATGCGCCCGCTACTGACCTCGATAGGT
CCA TTACTGCCGCAACTGCGGCA CGCAA
CTGGCATGAGCTTTACCTGGTTTCACTACT
GACCGCCCTTCCGGTCATCGCGATGGGG
GTGCTGGCGCTTGCCGGAGGCTGGGTTA
ACCGCCACGTTAGTGAAA ACCGCAGTATC
GCGCTAAGTCTGCTGGCGATTAGCATTGG
CGCGATGCTGCGTGAGCTGGCGCCGCA
AAGCGGTCTGCTGCTTAGCAGCGCGCTG
CTCGGCGGGATTGGCATCGGCGTGA TTC
AAGCGAT…
Changes in the recipe
 If there is a change in the cookie recipe than the instruction for
making the cookie will be different.
 If the instruction for making a cookie is different than the cookie
made with those instruction will be different.
Combine:
2 1/4 cups flour
1 teaspoon baking soda
1 teaspoon salt
1 cup (2 sticks) butter, softened
3/4 cup granulated sugar
3/4 cup packed brown sugar
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
2 large eggs
2 cups Semi-sweet chocolate chips
Bake at 350 for 15 min
Changes can effect the outcome
 If peanut butter is added to the recipe than you make peanut
butter cookies.
 They are still cookies but they are different than the original
chocolate chip.
Combine:
2 1/4 cups flour
1 teaspoon baking soda
1 teaspoon salt
1 cup (2 sticks) butter, softened
3/4 cup granulated sugar
3/4 cup packed brown sugar
1 cup of peanut butter
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
2 large eggs
Bake at 350 for 15 min
Changes can effect the outcome
 Changing the brand of chocolate chips will not change that is
it a chocolate chip cookie.
 So some changes have little or no effect on the end product.
Combine:
2 1/4 cups flour
1 teaspoon baking soda
1 teaspoon salt
1 cup (2 sticks) butter, softened
3/4 cup granulated sugar
3/4 cup packed brown sugar
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
2 large eggs
2 cups ChocoLOTS brand) Semisweet chocolate chips
Bake at 350 for 15 min
Changes can affect the outcome
 Changing the word “sugar” to “salt” will make a big change
in the cookies.
 They won’t even be cookies!
Combine:
2 1/4 cups flour
1 teaspoon baking soda
1 teaspoon salt
1 cup (2 sticks) butter, softened
3/4 cup Salt
3/4 cup packed brown sugar
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
2 large eggs
2 cups Semi-sweet chocolate chips
Bake at 350 for 15 min
Mutations are changes in DNA
 DNA is the recipe for proteins
 If the DNA is changed the protein will also change
 The change could:
 Have no effect on the protein
 Change the protein
 Make it not work anymore
Gene is the information for a protein
The recipe is holding information for making cookies.
The same way if the dna sequence of a gene is the information
for making proteins.