Transcript Metoda Pemuliaan Tanaman Secara Khusus

BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PLANT BREEDING
Biotechnology
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The application of biological organisms, systems or processes to
manufacturing and service industries
The application of scientific and engineering principles to the
processing of materials by biological-agents to provide goods and
services
The use of living organism and their component in agriculture,
food and other industrial processes
The use of microbial, animal and plant cells or enzymes to
synthesize, breakdown and transform materials
The integration of natural sciences and organisms, cells, parts
thereof and molecular analogues to product and services
A technology using biological phenomena by copying and
manufacturing various kinds of useful substance
Stages of Biotechnology
Development
 Traditional/old
biotechnology
The conventional techniques that have been used to
produce beer, wine, cheese, many other food
 New/modern
biotechnology
All methods of genetic modification by recombinant DNA
and cell fusion techniques, together with the modern
development of traditional biotechnological process
Biotechnology:
A collection of technologies
The Applications of Biotechnology
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Medical Biotechnology
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Diagnostics
Therapeutics
Vaccines
Agricultural Biotechnology
 Plant agriculture
 Animal production
 Food processing
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Environmental Biotechnology
 Cleaning through bioremediation
 Preventing environmental problems
 Monitoring the environment
Plant agriculture
 Crop production and protection (Quantity)
– Genetically engineered (transgenic) crops
– Using biological methods to protect crops
– Exploiting cooperative relationships in nature
 Nutritional value of crops (Quality)
– Improving food quality and safety
– Healthier cooking oils by decreasing the concentration of
saturated fatty acids in vegetable oils
– Functional foods
Foods containing significant levels of biologically active
components that impart health benefits
Plant Biotechnology
PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
a process to produce a genetically modified plant by
removing genetic information from an organism,
manipulating it in the laboratory and then transferring it
into a plant to change certain of its characteristics .
Breeding
Systematic process of matching genetic factors from parent
plants to produce offspring that are superior to parents
Systematic procedures used to improve trait phenotypes by
crossing and selection, directed manipulation of the genotype
at the DNA sequence level, and introduction of new genes
Breeding?
 Application of genetics principles for improvement
 “Accelerated” and “targeted evolution”
 An evolution by artificial selection
 Systematic process of matching genetic factors from parent plants
to produce offspring that are superior to parents
 Systematic procedures used to improve trait phenotypes by crossing
and selection, directed manipulation of the genotype at the DNA
sequence level, and introduction of new genes.
Primary Steps in Plant
Breeding
 Develop a Vision
 Find or Create Variability (Techniques)
 Apply Selection Pressure
 Evaluate and Select (Screen)
 Commercialize
History of Genetic Modification
1st transgenic plant created
1983
Mutagenesis breeding
1940’s
1st fertile intergeneric cross
1860’s
mid-1700’s
8000 BC
1920’s
Darwin and Mendel
science-based selective breeding
1st fertile between species cross
Selective breeding within species
Selected milestones in plant breeding
9000 BC
First evidence of plant domestication in the hills above the
Tigris river
1694
Camerarius first to demonstrate sex in (monoecious) plants and suggested
crossing as a method to obtain new plant types
1714
Mather observed natural crossing in maize
1761-1766 Kohlreuter demonstrated that hybrid offspring
received traits from both parents and were intermediate in
most traits, first scientific hybrid in tobacco
1866
Mendel: Experiments in plant hybridization
1900
Mendel’s laws of heredity rediscovered
1944
Avery, MacLeod, McCarty discovered DNA is hereditary material
1953
Watson, Crick, Wilkins proposed a model for DNA
structure
1970
Borlaug received Nobel Prize for the Green Revolution
Berg, Cohen, and Boyer introduced the recombinant DNA
technology
1994
‘FlavrSavr’ tomato developed as first GMO
1995
Bt-corn developed
Plant Breeding Technologies & Crop Improvement
(A Continuum)
Bioinformatics
Proteomics
Genomics
Germplasm Improvement
( = higher yields)
Analytical Technologies
Transgenic Traits
Biotech/Genetic Engineering
Winter Nurseries
Computer Technologies
Plot Mechanization
Quantitative Genetics
Statistics
Pedigree Breeding
Hybridization
Open Pollinated Selection
Time
Importance of Plant breeding?
Increases in yield are derived both from improved
varieties and from improved management.
It suggests about a 50-50 of crop yield split between
genetic gain and gain attributed to management.
Planting material is the most important input in
agriculture
An improved cultivar is the most economic and least
laborious input for crop cultivation
Does plant breeding work?
Corn Yield Trends: 1870 to Today
160
140
Bushels Per Acre
120
100
80
60
Open Pollinated Varieties
Single Cross Hybrids
40
20
Double Cross Hybrids
0
1866 1876 1886 1896 1906 1916 1926 1936 1946 1956 1966 1976 1986 1996
Year
Breeding Approach
Empirical approach
Evaluating grain yield per se as the main selection criterion
Analytical approach
An alternate breeding approach that requires a better
understanding of the factors responsible for the
development, growth and yield
New Technology (Improved Technique) for organism
“Biotechnology”
Which technology?
Comparing Genetic Modification
Techniques
Conventional Breeding
Mutation breeding
Plant Biotechnology
Whole organism
Molecule
Molecule
Thousands of genes
Unknown
Single gene
Level
Precision
Certainty
Limits
Genetic change poorly
characterized
Between species
and genera
Genetic change poorly
characterized
Not applicable
Gene function
well understood
No limitations
Traditional plant breeding
DNA is a strand of genes,
much like a strand of pearls.
Traditional plant breeding
combines many genes at
once.
Commercial variety
Traditional donor
New variety
(many genes are transferred)
=
X
(crosses)
Desired Gene
Desired gene
Modern plant breeding
Using plant
biotechnology, a single
gene may be added to
the strand.
Desired gene
Commercial variety
New variety
(only desired gene is transferred)
=
(transfers)
Desired gene
"Never think for a minute that we
are going to build permanent
peace in this world on empty
stomachs and human misery."
Norman Borlaug
Nobel Peace Prize Laureate