Transcript New and Improved GeneticsJeopardy-1415

Why can’t we have
Don’t look in this category
Parte desta frase
Raspberries never lie...at
sugar in our class?
9 outa 10 tigers Whatever you do! Seriously!
está em português, Least not to me. Donuts? Because we turn into
I knew you’d look…so
Say that kids make
Can’t trust ‘em…they’ll
and part is
Predicatable.
Psychotic Chipmunks
Grrrreat snacks!
Try to kill ya!
in English
It’s sad really.
That’s why!
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1-What do blood
type and hair color,
and have in
common?
2-How about skin
color and eye color?
1-Blood type and hair color are
multi-allelic traits (they’re
determined by
MULTIPLE ALLELES).
2-Skin color (at least 3 genes) and
eye color are polygenic (multiple
gene) traits.
How are mitosis and meiosis
similar? How are they different?
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mitosis
1. Asexual
Body cells (occurs in all
organisms)
Prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, telophase
Results in two daughter
cells.
New cells have normal
number of chromosomes
(2N-diploid)
6. New cells fully
functional
Meiosis
1. Sexual
2. Gametes (animals and
plants)
3. Prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, telophase…twice!
4. Results in four daughter
cells.
5. New cells w/ ½ normal
number of chromosomes
(N-haploid).
6. New cells need to combine
with another gamete before
they’re fully functional.
What are GMO’s and what’s the
big deal?
GMO = Genetically Modified Organism
These are organisms that have been in some way altered by
humans.
It can be by choosing which organism breeds with another
(SELECTIVE BREEDING)
It can be the actual manipulation of an organism’s DNA
(GENETIC ENGINEERING)
Good? Bad? Both? Well…you gotta educate yourself
cuz…this is REAL YO!
Colorblindness is a sex-linked
recessive trait. What do the
genotypes of each parent of a
colorblind child have?
Why do males have a greater
chance of being colorblind?
At least one recessive allele.
The allele is linked to the X
chromosome. Males are XY. If a
male gets the recessive allele there is
no chance of getting a dominant
allele that will mask it.
What happens to cause Down
syndrome?
One of the chromosome fails to
separate properly during meiosis
(meiotic disjunction). This results in
one extra chromosome in pair #21.
This is known as TRISOMY 21.
What causes genetic disorders
such as sickle-cell anemia,
hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, and
PKU?
Mutations…the order of the
nucleotides is somehow changed.
What is a pedigree?
A chart that tracks the occurrence
of a trait in a particular family.
What is hemophilia?
A sex-linked, autosomal genetic
disorder that prevents blood from
clotting the way it should.
*”Autosomal” refers to any of the
chromosomes other that the 23rd
pair.
What is cystic fibrosis?
An autosomal genetic disorder
(caused by a mutation on pair
#7) that causes a protein
malformation. This results in
thick mucus in the lining of the
lungs and intestines and frequent
(and resistant) bacterial
infections.
What is the term for a picture of the
chromosomes in a cell?
What are some disorders that this
picture can help to identify?
• A Karyotype.
• Down syndrome
(trisomy 21)…shown
here------------
• Kleinfelter’s
Syndrome: XXY
• Turner’s Syndrome:
one X only.
• These are meiotic nondisjunction disorders.
What is the difference between
incomplete dominance and codominance?
Incomplete Dominance:
R=Red flowers, W=white flowers
RW=pink flowers rather than red.
Co-dominance:
R=Red flowers, W=white flowers
RW=flowers with patches of red and
patches of white.
What is the difference between
selective breeding and genetic
engineering?
GENETIC ENGINEERING:
Actual manipulation of the DNA molecule
within an organism to produce a desired
outcome.
SELECTIVE BREEDING:
Inbreeding: crossing two individuals with
identical or similar alleles to produce specific
traits. This can increase the chance of
inheriting genetic disorders
Hybridization: crossing two individuals with
different traits, so offspring might get
the best traits of both. Used in agriculture.
What is the role of asexual
reproduction (mitosis) in
humans?
This is how our body (somatic) cells
reproduce. You know…like muscle
cells, bone cells, skin cells…that
stuff.
Can environment affect phenotype?
Explain.
YES! You may be
genetically predisposed to
be 6’4” tall, but without the
proper nutrition…ain’t
gonna happen!
What genetic disorder (caused by
a mutation) is characterized by
abnormally formed hemoglobin ?
Sickle-Cell Anemia!
What are homologous
chromosomes?
A pair of chromosomes that carry
identical sets of genes.
The genetic code or GENOME is the
order of the nucleotides along the
entire DNA molecule of a particular
organism.
What do this sequence determine?
It determines how the amino acids
are assembled to form…
PROTEINS!
What is the difference between a
genotype and a phenotype?
Phenotype = the physical
(sometimes) visible traits of an
organism (example: blue eyes, type
AB blood).
Genotype = the genetic make-up of
an organism…its chromosomes
(example: Bb, BB, bb).
Explain the relationship among
DNA, chromatin, chromosomes,
genes, alleles, and traits.
DNA is the molecule that codes for
heredity. Normally it is in the form
of chromatin, but during cell
division it forms structures called
chromosomes. A gene is a specific
part of a chromosome that is
responsible for a certain trait.
Alleles are the variations or “flavors”
of a gene.
If a heterozygous parent is crossed
with another heterozygous parent,
what is the probability that the
offspring will be homozygous
recessive?
1:4 or 25%
What is does purebred or true
breeding mean?
What about a hybrid…what’s that?
Purebred:
A Homozygous genotype (either
dominant or recessive) eg: AA or
aa.
Hybrid: A heterozygous
genotype. eg. Aa
What is the chromosome theory of
inheritance?
It’s what we’ve been
studying…Traits are carried by
Genes which are passed from
parents to offspring on
chromosomes.
What is a pedigree?
What do the various shapes and
shading on a pedigree represent?
A pedigree is a chart that shows
how traits are passed from one
generation to another.
Open Circle = Normal Female
Half-shaded Circle=Carrier Female
Shaded Circle=Affected Female
Open Square = Normal Male
Half-shaded Square =Carrier Male
Shaded Square =Affected Male
If you have the A and B alleles for
blood type, what type blood do you
have?
AB
What is the significance of the 23rd
pair of chromosomes in humans?
This is the pair that determines the
sex of the person
XY=Male
XX=Female