Bloom Helicase
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Transcript Bloom Helicase
Bloom’s Syndrome and Bloom
helicase
Alexandra Otto
March 16, 2004
Bloom Syndrome
Syndrome was first described by New York dermatologist David Bloom in
1954
Extremely rare
~ 220 cases worldwide
Death before age 30
Mean age of cancer diagnosis ~ 24
BS is associated with a predisposition to cancers of all types
Autosomal recessive disorder
Arises from a mutation in the gene BLM
Clinical Features of BS
Proportional dwarfism
Sun-induced erythema
Type-II diabetes
Narrow face and prominent ears
Male infertility and female sub-fertility
Frequent infections
http://www.skinsite.com/erythema
How was BLM identified?
Prevalence of BS among the Ashkenazi Jewish
population (carrier rate of 1%)
Used positional cloning (like Rb)
Maps to chromosome 15q26.1
)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM
BLM encodes a helicase
Helicases are enzymes
that separate the
complementary strands of
nucleic-acid duplexes
essential for all aspects of
DNA metabolism
http://www.blc.arizona.edu/marty/411/Modules/Lectures/Figures/helicase.GIF
The RecQ helicase family
BLM helicase is a member of the RecQ family
RecQ family gets its name from the recQ gene in E.
coli.
Family members share a homologous region with E.
coli
Conserved region is flanked by stretches of amino
acids called the N-terminal region and the C-terminal
region
http://www.nature.com/nrc/journal/v3/n3/images/nrc1012-f1.jpg
RecQ helicases
Unicellular organisms express 1 RecQ enzyme
whereas humans express 5
Defects in 3 of these human RecQ helicases
(BLM, WRN, and RECQ4) give rise to clinical
disorders associated with cancer predisposition
Bloom’s syndrome, Werner’s syndrome, and
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome
Role of Bloom helicase
Required for the maintenance of genomic
integrity
Duplex unwinding
‘Caretaker’ tumor-suppressor
Caretakers influence genomic stability without
directly regulating tumorigenesis
Repair of double-strand breaks
http://nar.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/full/31/21/6272
Role of BLM helicase
bloom helicase normally plays a role in the repair of
DSB by the homologous recombination pathway
In Bloom’s syndrome cells, repair may occur through
the error-prone NHEJ pathway
increased genomic instability and predisposition to
malignancy.
BLM helicase has not been placed at an exact step in
the HR pathway
Possible roles of BLM
Ability to process recombination intermediates during
DNA replication
- G-quadruplexes, hairpins
Bloom helicase could reset
the replication fork by branch
migration
http://www.nature.com/nrc/journal/v3/n3/images/nrc1012-f1.jpg
BLM helicase as a roadblock
remover
.
http://www.biochemj.org/bj/374/0577/bj3740577.htm
Branch migration
http://www.biochemj.org/bj/374/0577/bj3740577.htm
Interaction with crucial proteins
BLM has not been definitively placed at a certain step in the homologous
recombination pathway, but is known to interact with a number of crucial proteins
http://www.nature.com/nrc/journal/v3/n3/images/nrc1012-f1.jpg
Features of BLM helicase mutants
Abnormal DNA replication
Elevated level of homologous recombination
In Bloom’s syndrome cells
→ accumulation of abnormal replication intermediates
→ increase in the frequency of reciprocal exchanges
→ ~ 10 fold increase in sister-chromatid exchanges
Mouse Model
Knockout mice
- death by extreme anemia at 13.5 days
- immortalized cell line showed a high frequency of sister chromatid
exchange
- characteristic short stature is seen in early stages of embryo
development
Viable BLM-/- Mouse
- elevated rate of mitotic recombination
- high frequency of sister-chromatid exchanges and somatic loss of
heterozygosity
- high cancer incidence (lymphomas, carcinomas, sarcomas)
http://www.weizmann.ac.il/home/ligivol/publications/PNAS%201999.pdf
Cancer Predisposition
What features of hyper-recombination underlie
the
cancer predisposition?
Recombination events are not carried out with perfect
fidelity
Events are not carried out to completion
This leads to:
Chromosomal duplication or breakage
Genomic instability and therefore cancer
BLM helicase and cancer
Concluding points
BLM helicase is a caretaker tumor suppressor
Proposed to act in HR pathway
Homologous recombination exists to repair double strand breaks
and damaged replication forks
Sister chromatid exchanges arise during HR from the crossing
over of chromatid arms
BS cells have high frequency of SCE
This hyper-recombination results from defective replication
Without BLM helicase, replication cannot proceed smoothly
Genomic instability → CANCER predisposition
Cancer of all types because all cells need to repair damages in
replication machinary
Works Cited
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
http://www.nature.com/nrc/journal/v3/n3/images/nrc1012-f1.jpg
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abst
ract&list_uids=12691817
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abst
ract&list_uids=12427531
http://www.biochemj.org/bj/374/0577/bj3740577.htm
http://www.mssm.edu/jewish_genetics/genetic_diseases.shtml
http://www.nature.com/cgitaf/DynaPage.taf ?file=/onc/journal/v21/n58/full/1205959a.htm
http://tmm.trends.com
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2121/4/15