Transcript Chapter 18 - Illinois State University

Exercise and Body
Composition
Relationships of Total and
Regional Body Composition to
Morbidity and Mortality
Illinois State University
Relationships of Total and Regional
Body Composition to Morbidity and
Mortality

High BMI
– (overweight)

High waist/hip ratio
– (abdominal fatness)

Important health risk factors for some
severe and disabling conditions.
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BMI
BMI and fitness must be considered
together.
 Those with higher BMI and higher CV
fitness are at lower risk than those with
lower BMI and lower CV fitness

– (Blair, 1999)

Fit and Fat
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Relationships of Total and Regional
Body Composition to Morbidity and
Mortality
Remember:
 high BMI and high waist/hip ratio may
reflect underlying genetic,
socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors that
may substantially affect their health
implications.
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Factors That May Impact
Relationship

Socio-cultural and demographic factors
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–
–
–
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age (menopause)
sex
race (ethnicity)
income and education
socioeconomic conditions and hygiene
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Factors That May Impact
Relationship

Lifestyle Factors:
– smoking habits (including past smoking
habits)
– dietary intake (e.g., amount and type of fat,
antioxidants)
– alcohol consumption
– physical activity
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Factors That May Impact
Relationship

Health-related factors
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background prevalence of disease
genetic predisposition to diseases
presence of diseases
presence of other risk factors
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Factors That May Impact
Relationship

Biometric factors
– stature (including history of stunting and
wasting)
– fat distribution
– body proportions (leg length/sitting
height)
– history of large fluctuations in weight
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Body Composition and
Morbidity

There has been established a continuous
increase of the risk of coronary heart
disease with increasing BMI values.

BMI has also been recognized as an
important risk factor for non-insulin
dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).
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Body Composition and
Morbidity

Other life threatening diseases include:
– osteoporosis
– breast cancer
– osteoarthritis
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BC and Respiratory Function
Hypoventilation syndrome
 Sleep breathing disorders

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BC and Mortality Rates

The increased mortality at the higher
end of the range of BMI values can be
readily explained by an increased risk
of dying from cardiovascular disease,
NIDDM, and cancers of the breast,
endometrium, and prostate.
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Risk

A waist to hip ratio <0.72 is considered
healthy.

>0.88 increases one’s risk 3.25 times.
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Waist to Hip Ratio

If your gut is
bigger than
your butt,
you’re at
greater risk!
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Risk
Waist Circumference
BMI (kg/m2)
Men < 102 cm (< 40 in)
>102 cm (> 40 in)
Women < 88 cm (< 35 in) > 88 cm (35 in)
25-29.9
Increased
High
30-34.9
High
Very High
35-39.9
Very High
Very High
> 40
Extremely High
Extremely
High
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Grundy et al, MSSE, 1999
Waist Circumference

If you spend more
time working on
your 12 pack….
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Waist Circumference

…and less time
working on
developing a 6 pack,
you’re at greater
risk!
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Summary

Weight loss seems to have at least short
-term beneficial results for all who tend
to suffer from conditions such as
coronary heart disease, hyperlipidemia,
NIDDM, hypertension, or mechanical
problems of overweight.
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Summary

Because therapy for the attainment of
“optimal” weights are commonly
unsuccessful, the concept of
“reasonable” weight and weight loss
goals should be further developed.
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Summary

From a public health viewpoint, it is
desirable that emphasis be placed on
the prevention of overweight, but
preventive strategies are mainly
theoretical.

None has been proven to be successful.
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Summary

Genes account for 20-40% of the risk for
being overweight.
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Summary

However, there can be no change in the
gene pool in one decade.

In any case, you can’t change your
genes, but you can control and adjust
your behavior.
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