Transcript H - Granbury ISD

The student will demonstrate an
understanding of the organization of
living systems.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Living things are . . .
• Made of cells
• Grow and
develop
• Respond to the
environment
• Use energy
• Reproduce
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Cells are organized into. . .
• Tissues - like types
of cells
• Tissue form organs
• Organs that work
together form organ
systems
• Organ systems that
work together make
an organism
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Hydrochloric acid is
produced by the lining of
the stomach. What is its
function?
Calories are how the energy contained in food is measured.
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
‘Lipids’ is the name for fats and oils.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
TAKS Review, Objective 2
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Taxonomy - how to classify life
Biological Classification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Genus
Genus
Class
Order
Order
Family
Family
Genus
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Order
Family
Genus
Class
Order
Family
Family
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Genus
Order
Family
Family
Genus
Genus
Genus
Genus
The taxonomy divisions
from largest to smallest
are:
49 Which of these
classifications
Kingdom (6)
is most specific?
Phylum
A Family
B Genus
C Phylum
D Order
Class
Order
Family
Genus
TAKS Review, Objective 2
species
TAKS Review, Objective 2
The Six Kingdoms –
the largest groupings of living
things
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Protista
Eubacteria
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Archaebacteria
Animal Kingdom
(Animalia)
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophic
• Includes all
vertebrates (one
major phylum) and
invertebrates (several
phyla)
• Insects, jellyfish,
people…… all are
animals
TAKS Review, Objective 2
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Kingdom Plantae
Multicellular &
Autotrophic
~ all plants perform
photosynthesis
Examples: mosses, ferns,
conifers, and flowering
plants (grasses, trees,
shrubs, most garden
plants, wildflowers)
TAKS Review, Objective 2
chloroplast
Large vacuole
Cell wall –
Be careful…
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Fungi &
plants have
walls……..
Kingdom Fungi
• Multicellular & some
single-celled
• Most of these
organisms are
decomposers
• Includes mushrooms,
yeasts, molds, and
infections like
athlete's foot
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Fungi are eukaryotic.
Athlete’s foot
mushroom
Bread mold
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So, how do they DIFFER from animals?
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Kingdoms of Single-Celled
Organisms
• Protista
• Eubacteria
• Archaebacteria
TAKS Review, Objective 2
WHY??
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TAKS Review, Objective 2
Kingdom Protista
Largest source of food
and oxygen for the entire planet.
Includes plankton, amoeba, and ciliates
(like the paramecium)
Described as –
unicellular eukaryotes
• What is the significance of “A?”
• How do you know that this is not a
prokaryotic organism? What are the
clues?
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Prokaryotic Kingdoms - Cells without
membrane-bound organelles
1. Kingdom Eubacteria:
Unicellular prokaryotes,
often decomposers
2. Kingdom
Archaebacteria:
Unicellular prokaryotes
from extreme
environments
TAKS Review, Objective 2
8 Some bacteria benefit mammals
by helping with —
F growth
G defense
H digestion
J respiration
• Kingdom of Bacteria has
beneficial and harmful
members
• The best answer here is
H, since digestive
systems of mammals
contain many bacteria.
• Bacteria found in the
respiratory system
usually result in illness,
which would trigger the
defenses; not help the
organism
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Binomial Classification
• Living things are given a two-part scientific
name. The first part is the Genus which is
capitalized. The second part is the
species name, which is never capitalized.
• Scientific names are used because the
same plant or animal in different places
may have different common names.
• Man’s scientific name is Homo sapiens
TAKS Review, Objective 2
12 The bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana,
is most closely related to the
F spotted chorus frog, Pseudacris clarki
G Asian flying frog, Polypedates leucomystax
H northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens
J African bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersus
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Which are closely related? Which are
most distantly related?
Organism
family
Genus
species
Panthera leo
(lion)
Equus caballus
(horse)
Carnivora Panthera
Panthera tigris
(tiger)
Carnivora Panthera
Felis domestica
(cat)
Carnivora
Felis
domestica
Canis familiaris
(dog)
Carnivora
Canis
familiaris
Equidae
Equus
TAKS Review, Objective 2
leo
caballus
tigris
Related (in biological terms) means
family, genus, species.
F spotted chorus frog,
Pseudacris clarki
G Asian flying frog,
Polypedates
leucomystax
H northern leopard frog,
Rana pipiens
J African bullfrog,
Pyxicephalus
adspersus
• Genus is always a
capital letter,
species is lower
case.
• Most closely
related would be in
the same genus,
Rana.
• ANSWER?
• H
TAKS Review, Objective 2
TAKS Review, Objective 2
The Cell Theory
Matthias Schleiden, Robert
Virchow, and Robert Brown
all contributed to the
formation of the cell theory,
which states:
– 1. All living things are
composed of cells.
– 2. Cells are the smallest
working units of living
things.
– 3. All cells come from
preexisting cells by cell
division.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
The Eukaryotic Plant Cell
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The Eukaryotic Animal Cell
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Cell Part
Function
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Controls what enters and leaves the
cell
Controls what enters and leaves the
nucleus
Control center of the cell
Genetic information in the nucleus
Transport system in cell
Ribosome
Golgi Body
Organelle makes proteins
Organelle packages proteins
Vacuole
Stores water and/or waste
Nuclear membrane
Lysosome
Mitochondria
Breaks down old cell parts
Organelle for cellular respiration –
TAKS
Review, Objective
2
provides
energy
TAKS Review, Objective 2
The cell membrane has many roles
including maintaining homeostasis:
structure, regulating transport of
nutrients and wastes into and out of the
cell, and basic protection of the cell.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Be familiar with the
structure and function
of parts of cells
including bacteria.
In biology….always
consider
FORM &
FUNCTION!!
TAKS Review, Objective 2
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Why? The
muscle involved
(the bicep) will
contract
(shorten), and
raise the upper
arm.
Choices one and four
are bones and cannot
cause movement by
themselves. Choice #2
is a tendon whose
major function is
attachment, not
TAKS Review, Objective 2
movement
Viruses are different from cells and
have different properties and
functions.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
TAKS Review, Objective 2
This is the
only answer
that makes
sense….
Why are A,
B and D not
good
choices?
TAKS Review, Objective 2
TAKS Review, Objective 2
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Plant cells have….. but animal
cells don’t
• Chloroplasts –
organelle responsible
for photosynthesis
• Cell Walls – a
structure outside of
the membrane to
provide support
• Large vacuoles to
store extra water
TAKS Review, Objective 2
This is a typical plant cell
• It contains a cell wall,
chloroplasts, a very
large vacuole.
• Why do plants need
large vacuoles?
•ANSWER: This is
where food and
water are stored.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
52 Compared to annual rings of trees
that have experienced years of
sufficient rainfall, the annual rings of
trees that have experienced a dry
period will —
These 3
F be softer
would
G grow at a faster rate
indicate
more water,
H be thinner
not
less
J photosynthesize at a faster rate
TAKS Review, Objective 2
TAKS question
Which structure regulates
gas exchange during the
processes of
photosynthesis and
respiration?
• AQ
• BR
• CS
• D T = stomata
TAKS Review, Objective 2
TAKS Review, Objective 2
The Temperate Forest
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The Desert
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The Tundra
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The Taiga
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The Tropical Rain Forest
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The Grasslands
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Mechanisms of Seed Dispersal
• By animal
• By wind
• Floating in water
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Animal Dispersal
Some animals bury seeds and
Barbs get tangled in animal
they grow into new plants.
fur and carried to new
places.
Animals eat fruit, and after digestion
theTAKS
seeds
are dropped in new places.
Review, Objective 2
More barbs and hooks…
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Dispersal by wind….
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Floating on water…..
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Explosive
dispersal
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TAKS question
Which of the following characteristics could
help short plants survive in areas with
limited sunlight?
F Broad leaf surfaces
G Brightly colored flowers
H Thick stems
J Shallow roots
TAKS Review, Objective 2
TAKS question #4
Which of these characteristics might help a plant
species survive in an area with limited sunlight?
• F Bright flowers
• G Large leaves
• H Short stems
• J Thick cuticles
TAKS Review, Objective 2
TAKS question
This seed is best
dispersed by —
• A water
• B birds
• C wind
• D insects
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Cell
Reproduction
• The Cell Cycle is the
life cycle of a cell. It
has two parts.
Mitosis is the process
of nuclear division.
What is interphase?
• During mitosis the
nucleus separates into
two new identical sister
nuclei.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
26 If a cat has 38 chromosomes in each of
its body cells, how many chromosomes will
be in each daughter cell after mitosis?
•
•
•
•
F 11
G 19
H 38
J 76
H
Mitosis is the normal division of any cell nucleus,
so the chromosomes replicate exactly and then
separate into two identical cells. So the answer is
TAKS Review, Objective 2
When cells reproduce out of
control……..
• ……tumors are formed. Some tumors are
malignant and are called cancer.
• However, tumors may or may not be malignant.
A tumor that is not malignant is called benign.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Transporting into Cells Diffusion
Osmosis is
the diffusion
of H2O
• Passive movement - from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration is
diffusion.
• The diffusion of water through a semipermeable
membrane is called osmosis.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Why? Because this means that water is moving from high
concentration (of water) to lower concentration (of water)
TAKS Review, Objective 2
across
the membrane.
What is active transport?
Energy is used to move selected molecules into
a cell, even if they are at a low concentration
(that is….fromTAKS
low
to high concentration)
Review, Objective 2
Ways to Maintain Homeostasis
• Passive transport – no
ATP used
– Diffusion
– Osmosis
– Facilitated diffusion
• Carrier proteins
• Ion channels
• Active transport – ATP
used
– Carrier proteins
• Cell membrane pumps
(sodium-potassium)
– Endocytosis
– Exocytosis
TAKS Review, Objective 2
34 When a sea urchin egg is removed from the
ocean and placed in freshwater, the egg swells
and bursts. Which of these causes water to
enter the egg?
F Coagulation Means to clump together – Incorrect
G Sodium pump
Sodium is not being moved –
Incorrect
H Active transport The
egg would not use energy
to do this since it kills the cell.
J Osmosis
This is the movement of water from an area of
high concentration (the fresh water) to low
concentration
(inside
TAKS Review,
Objective 2 the Egg)
SUNLIGHT
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon dioxide plus Water
Produces
Glucose
This is
photosynthesis:
TAKS Review, Objective 2
and Oxygen
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Plants carry out photosynthesis and
cellular respiration.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Cellular Respiration
• C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
• Occurs in ALL living things
(In mitochondria of eukaryotes)
TAKS Review, Objective 2
The
•
Genetic Code
All of the information to
make a new cell/organism
is contained in the
chromosomes of the cell.
• Chromosomes are made
of tightly coiled DNA or
Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
• Chromosomes contain
genes, each of which
codes for a single protein.
There may be
hundreds/thousands of
genes on each
chromosome.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
DNA is formed of
nucleotides, which have
3 parts; a sugar, a
phosphate and a nitrogen
base.
The 4 different nitrogen
bases of DNA are:
o
o
o
o
DNA
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
The process of copying
DNA is called replication
A REPLICA of each side of the strand of DNA is
made.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
TAKS Review, Objective 2
The Code of Life
• The structure of DNA is
called a double helix.
• The base Guanine
always pairs to Cytosine.
Adenine pairs to
Thymine
• Apples in Trees, Cars in
Garages
• Mutations are caused
when these pairings are
not made.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
TAKS Review, Objective 2
38 In DNA, which of the following
determines the traits of an organism?
F Amount of adenine
G Number of sugars
H Sequence
nitrogen
Adenine
isofonly
one
bases
Every
base is
of thenitrogen
4 nitrogen
J Strengthto
ofahydrogen
attached
sugar
so,
bases;
it
can’t
code
G bonds
is not correct.
for anything by itself.
Hydrogen bonds strength
does not change enough to
code for trait changes.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Transcription . . . • messenger RNA
reads the DNA in
the nucleus and
then leaves the
nucleus to take the
information to the
ribosome.
• the DNA then
wraps back up until
next time.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
RNA vs. DNA
Characteristic
RNA
DNA
Strands
1
2
Sugar
molecule
Bases
Ribose
Deoxyribose
A, U, C, G
A, T, C, G
Nucleus and
cytoplasm
Nucleus only
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
Where
Found
Building
block
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Kinds of RNA
There is only one kind of DNA, but
there are 3 kinds of RNA.
–Messenger RNA (mRNA)
–Transfer RNA (tRNA)
–Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Translation . . . code into words
• mRNA takes the code
from the nucleus to the
ribosome where it pairs
with transfer RNA to put
amino acids into chains
called proteins.
• mRNA pairs to tRNA in
the ribosomes This protein
building is called
TRANSLATION.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
TAKS Review, Objective 2
What does this chart represent?
It says codons, and has U
instead of T, so it must be
mRNA.
How would you find the amino acid coded
by GAC?
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Mutations are changes in the sequence of base pairs in the DNA molecule.
There is no guarantee that mutations will be dominant or recessive. In fact,
the term “homozygous recessive” refers to what would happen if two copies
of a mutated gene were present in a cell. In a skin cell where the mutation
occurred, this is not the case.
Mutations effect DNA, not RNA. However, mutations must occur with the
DNA coding region for mRNA codons to affect the skin cell. They would not
affect offspring unless they were passed on in a gamete (sex cell).
Offspring don’t get their parent’s skin cells; only their gametes.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Following the base
pairing rules for DNA
(A-T and G-C),
AATCGC would have the
complement TTAGCG,
and run from 5’ to 3’.
Uracil (U) is not found
in DNA – only in RNA
This does not follow
the base-pairing rule
TAKS Review, Objective 2
53 The table shows a comparison of some
amino acids found in cytochrome c. The
two organisms in the table that are most
closely related are —
A Q and T
B R and S
C Q and R
D 2Q and S
TAKS Review, Objective
To be closely related means the amino acid
composition should be almost the same,
since that is what the DNA is coding.
 Between Q and T, only 4 levels are
the same –
 Between R and S only 4 levels are
the same –
 Between Q and S 5 of the levels
are the same, but –
 Between Q and R 5 of the levels
are the same and differ in the other
2 by a smaller percent. Answer:
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Not A
Not B
Not D
C
Transcription and Translation
TAKS Review, Objective 2
TAKS Review, Objective 2
What is the DNA base pair rule
(Chargaff’s Rule)?
24 If the template of a strand of
DNA is 5' AGATGCATC 3', the
complementary strand
will be —
F 3' TCTACGTAG 5'
G 5' CTACGTAGA 3'
H 3' AGATGCATC 5'
J 5' AGACGTCTA 3'
TAKS Review, Objective 2
In DNA A to T and T to A,
C to G and G to C
5' AGATGCATC 3‘
TCTACGTAG
• Base pair each
letter by the
above rule.
• So the answer is:
• F
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Nothing wrong here…………..
answer
TAKS Review,The
Objective
2
is D!
7 cells
contain
the
mutation.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Genetics – How traits are
inherited…..
• Father of Genetics is Gregor Mendel.
• Dominant traits always are visible,
and are represented by capital letters.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Genetics
Recessive traits are hidden unless both
alleles are the recessive one
(know ~ homozygous v. heterozygous)
At least one pair of alleles determines the
trait in genetic inheritance.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
TAKS Review, Objective 2
TAKS question:
• The diagram illustrates
the parts of this flower.
Which of these parts are
not directly involved in
sexual reproduction?
• A Stigma and style
• B Sepal and pedicel
• C Anther and filament
• D Receptacle and ovary
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Example: Punnett Square
25% = YY homozygous
dominant
50% = Yy heterozygous
25% = yy homozygous
recessive
Y
Yy—heterozygous
Y
y
YY
Yy
Yy
yy
Yy—heterozygous
y
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Punnett Squares
D
d
d
Heterzygous
D Dd & Dd
Homozygous Recessive
d dd
dd
D
d
DHeterzoygous
DD
Dd&
dHeterozygous
Dd
dd
d
D
Homozygous
Dominant
D DD
Dd
& Heterozygous
D DD
Dd
D
Homozygous
Recessive
&
d Dd
Dd
Homozygous Dominant
d
Dd
Dd
TAKS Review, Objective 2
The homozygous tall parent is TT for
height and the short parent is tt for
height. This will give each offspring a
Tt genotype for height. Both parents
are wrinkled making them ss for this
trait. This will give each off spring a
genotype of ss for the wrinkled trait.
This make 100% of the offspring Ttss.
These percentages are not
possible.
To get this genotype
percentage one of the
parents would need to
be homozygous smooth
and the other parent
would need to be
wrinkled.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
gg is not possible!
Half will inherit long
beak from the male
(Ll) and half will be
short beak (ll)
Why? All the offspring
must have green
feathers
Half, not
all will be
short
beak.
because all
children
receive the G gene from
the male.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Phenotype is what is seen…..
• Phenotype refers to
what is visible – the
dominant trait or the
recessive trait.
• How do you know the
phenotype?
• LOOK!!
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Genotype – actual combination
of alleles
• Only 3 possibilities
• BB = Homozygous
Dominant
• Bb = Heterozygous
• bb = Homozygous
recessive
• How do you know?
Must look at
inheritance pattern to
find out.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Inheritance of Traits
• Pedigree—family history that shows how
a trait is inherited over several
generations.
– Helps identify carriers of genetic disorders
• Carriers—individuals who are
heterozygous for a genetic disorder but do
not show symptoms—can pass the mutant
allele to their offspring
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Sample Pedigree
Male
Male with disorder
Female
Female with disorder
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Pedigree Shows the Family Tree
Colorblindness Inheritance
P = Father has colorblindness; Mother is a
carrier
Male Parent
Male Colorblind
Male
Male
Female Parent
Carrier
Male Normal
Female
Female ?
Male
Female
Male Colorblind
Female
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Pedigree Shows the Family Tree
Colorblindness Inheritance
P = Father has colorblindness; Mother is a
carrier
XcY
XcY
Male
Male
XCXc
XCY
Female
XX ?
Male
Female
XCY
Female
TAKS Review, Objective 2
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Homeostasis
• … is the maintenance of the normal
operating conditions of an organism
• …control of body temperature, pulse rate,
blood pressure, blood sugar, urine output,
digestive absorption, metabolism rate,
growth rate and hormone levels all need to
be maintained…..a “steady state.”
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Structural System – 1
(Musculoskeletal System)
• Bones
– Support & give
structure
– Make blood cells
– Allow movement
– Muscle
attachments
– Ligaments hold
joints together
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Structural System – 2
•
•
•
3 types of muscles
– Smooth,
involuntary
– Striated, voluntary
– Cardiac, heart
muscle somewhat
like both above
Allow for movement
Attached by tendons
above and below joints
TAKS Review, Objective 2
17 Which structure
in the upper arm is
responsible for
raising the lower
arm?
A1
B2
C3
D4
In order to raise it, it must be attached, so its not 1
or 2.
4 is a bone not a muscle,
so its answer:
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Nervous System - 1
Consists of brain,
spinal cord, nerves
Voluntary - you
control and choose
Involuntary - allows
parts to keep
functioning without
thought
Nerve cells send and
receive information.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Nervous System - 2 Main parts of nerve
cell:
TAKS Review, Objective 2
– Axon: sends
signal
– Cell Body:
controls cell
functions
– Dendrite:
receives signal
from another
– Synapse:
space between
cells
Nervous System - 3
• Involuntary is
controlled by the
medulla oblongata of
the brain.
• This is how you keep
breathing while
sleeping and digest
food without thinking
about it.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Circulatory System - 1
This
system helps to
connect many other systems
as it provides the transport of
substances from one organ to
another.
Every
cell must touch a
blood vessel to take in what
it needs and get rid of waste.
Arteries
carry blood away
from the heart and veins
carry it back to the heart.
The
heart pumps the
blood
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Circulatory System - 2
• The top parts of the
heart receive blood –
Atrium/atria
• The bottom two are
very muscular and
pump the blood –
Ventricle/ventricles
• Two contractions, right
ventricle pumps to the
lungs, and the left
ventricle pumps to the
body and brain. TAKS Review, Objective 2
29 Nutrients from digested food move from
the digestive system directly into the —
Endocrine
system does not
transport. So . . .
A circulatory
system
B integumentary Excretory system
gets rid of waste
system
CO2 and H2O,
not food. So . .
C excretory
Integumentary
system
system holds
D endocrine
organs and
tissues in place. The Circulatory
system
So. . .
System carries
TAKS Review, Objective 2
everything to every
25 The medulla, part of
the brain stem, reacts
quickly to increased
levels of CO2 in the
blood and stimulates a
response from the —
A excretory system
B immune system
C respiratory system
D integumentary system
Increased respiration gets rid of excess CO2.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Immune System - 1
•
•
•
The immune system
Could also be called first
protects from infections
line defense.
and illness
1st Order Non-specific:
includes skin, mucous
membranes, cilia of
trachea and bronchi,
stomach acid, tears
2nd Order: includes the
inflammatory response
(swelling, redness due to
histamine release),
fever, white blood cells
Could also be called
such as phagocytes and
second line defense.
macrophages destroying
the pathogens and
TAKS Review, Objective 2
infected tissue cells.
Immune System - 2
Two main types of immunity:
•
ACTIVE – body makes
its own antibodies after
being sick - permanent
OR a vaccination to
help your body make
antibodies
•
PASSIVE – injection
with antibodies, or
transferred from mother
to unborn baby
TAKS Review, Objective 2
6 Most viruses infect a specific kind of cell.
Which of the following are infected by the
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
F Helper T cells
G Liver cells
H GABA-receptor
cells
J Red blood cells
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Ask yourself: which cell type
deals with immunity?
F Helper T cells
G Liver cells
H GABAreceptor cells
J Red blood
cells
• Answer? Helper
T cells.
• All the rest are
body cells with
specific jobs that
do not relate to
immunity.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Plant Systems
There are 3 main plant
systems:
• Reproductive – this is the
flower structure (in flowering
plants)
• Transport – this is the
stem and roots and their
xylem and phloem
• Energy – this is the leaf
and other areas of
photosynthesis.
TAKS Review, Objective 2
Leaf Tissue – What happens
where?
TAKS Review, Objective 2
NEXT –
Ecology and the Environment
TAKS Review, Objective 2