Transcript Traumatic Brain Injury

The Brain is The Most complex part
of the Human Body
• Weighs three pounds
• Carries intelligence, senses, body movement,
control behavior
• Crown jewel of the human body
Neurons are nerve cells that transmit nerve signals to and from
the brain at up to 200 mph.
HEALTHY BRAIN
INJURED BRAIN
What is TBI
•TBI is a term that
refers to traumatic brain
injury patients
•Traumatic brain injury
occurs when a sudden
trauma causes damage to
the brain
•Imaging tests are used
to determine the
diagnosis and prognosis
of TBI patients
SERIOUS INJURY
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Car accident
Falls
Violence
Suicide attempts
Concussion
• Caused by a sudden blow
• Brain shakes inside skull
• Brain temporarily stops working
Symptoms
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Passing Out
light headedness
Nauseous
Confusion
Not be able to stand or walk
Long Term Affects
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Loss of body movements
Loss or vision
Loss of hearing
Problems with Short term memory
Loss of problem Solving ability
Loss of control of emotions
Prognosis
•50% of all TBI patients
need surgery to repair
hematomas or
contusions
•Disabilities caused by
TBI depend on
severity of and the
location of the injury,
the age and general
health of the patient
Long Term Affects
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Loss of body movements
Loss or vision
Loss of hearing
Problems with Short term memory
Loss of problem Solving ability
Loss of control of emotions
Glial cells
• Make up 90% of the brain
• Glial cells are cells in the human brain that serve
as a framework for nerve cells in the brain
• Also serve an important role in wound reaction
due to injuries to brain
• Prof. Dr. Magdalena Gotz has shown that glial
cells are able to restart cell division after injury
GLIAL CELLS
• Make of 90 percent of the brain cells
• Directs neuron activity
More on Glial Cells
• Prof. Dr. Magdalena Gotz examined the
molecular bases of cerebral development –
especially the cerebral cortex
• Her conclusion was that glial nerve cells have
potential to act as stem cells
• Stem cells can then form new nerve cells in
the brain
• This process is called cell regeneration
How cells regenerate
• Cells replenish themselves through the
process of mitosis
• This is the same as regeneration
POTENTIAL NEW DISCOVERY
Take a single brain cell
Transplant the cell into a recipient
The green marker indicates a support brain cell called an
astrocyte and the red marker is an indication of a stem
cell, which is highly valued for its ability to transform into
any cell type. Blue marks the cell nucleus.
REGENERATION OF BRAIN CELLS
• Zinc
• MT-3 Gene (binds and holds zinc)
• ***only happens in adult injuries****
MORE DEVELOPMENT
• Chronic alcoholics
• 4- 5 weeks of abstinence
• New brain cells develop
Oxford University Study
• Resting cells migrate to create new nerve
cells
• Stem cells and cells turning into nerve cells
• Understanding stem cell biology
• Unlocks potential new treatment
Ground Breaking Study
• Scientists regenerated
optic nerve cells in lab
mice
• Important because
never before have
scientists been able to
regenerate so many
nerve fibers
How they did it
• Tissues in our body continually repair
themselves
• Some cells and nerves in the CNS are unable
to do this
• Researchers discovered two important
reasons why the optic nerve and CNS cells do
not normally regenerate
“Locks” to neural cell regeneration
• #1 –gene BCL-2 that activates growth and
regeneration in neural cells is gradually
“turned off” shortly after birth
• #2- scar on the brain caused by glial cells, it
puts up a physical and molecular barrier to
regeneration
“Keys” to neural cell regeneration
• Key for the BCL-2 gene was a mouse model in
which the gene is over-expressed, therefore
never turned off
• Key for the scar caused by glial cells was a
mutation of “glial specific genes” in the mice,
that reduced the glial scar
The effect of these keys
• The two keys when used in conjunction with
one another caused the optic nerves to return
to an embryonic state
• This caused robust regeneration of the optic
nerves, at least 40% of the optic nerves of
these mice had been restored
Implications
• People with TBI, or
damages to their optic
nerve or CNS may be
able to have these
damages repaired
• So people like my
nephew, will no longer
suffer
TREATMENT
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MRI/CT SCANS
PHYSICAL THERAPY
SPEECH/LANGUAGE THERAPY
PHYSIATRY (PHYSICAL MEDICINE)
SOCIAL SUPPORT
What they are doing now to help
people with TBI
Landon with his OT
Landon with his teacher of
special instruction
More pictures
Landon with his PT
Landon with his speech therapist
The point
• I learned from watching my nephew that even
with the glial scar and the BLC-2 gene not
activating growth and regeneration at the
level it could, conditions can continually
improve
Works Cited
• National Institute of Health. National Institute of Neurological Disorders
and Health. Traumatic Brain Injury: Hope Through Research. 11 Dec. 2007.
9 April. 2008. < http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/tbi/tbi.htm>.
• Jacobs, Patti. “Schepens scientists regenerate optic nerve for the first
time.” Health News. 25 Feb. 2005. 9 April. 2008.< http://healthnews.org>
• Buffo, Annalisa… “Post Brain Injury: New Nerve Cells Originate From
Neural Cells.” Health News. 12 March 2008. 9 April. 2008.
< http://healthnews.org>
• “ Support Services.” Med League Support Services, Inc. 10 April. 2008.
<http://www.medleague.com/Services/medical_illustrations.htm >
• “Traumatic Closed Head Injuries and Placement of Intercranial Pressure
Monitors – Medical Illustration Human Anatomy Drawing.” The Doe
Report. <http://doereport.com/generateexhibit.php?ID=1839&
ExhibitKeywordsRaw=Brain+Surgery+Tumor&TL=4095&A=42409>
Works Cited cont.
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“Brain Briefing”. Society for Neuroscience. 2008. 4 Apr 2008. http://www.sfn.org/index.>.
Diagnostics. The Brain Trauma Foundation. 15 Arp 2008.
<http://www.braintrauma.org/site/>.
Earley, P.J. “Traumatic Brain Injury: Therapy, Rehabilitation, and Recovery” Health Link,
Medical College of Wisconsin. 7 Jul 2007. <http:healthlink.mcw.edu/article>.
Healing Potential Discovered in Everyday Human Brain Cells. “Science Daily”. 18 Aug 2006.
<http://www.sciencedail.com/releases.
Kruger, GM, Morrison, SJ. “Brain creates ‘new’ nerve cells”. BBC News. 16 Feb. 2007.
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6362183.stm.>.
Lang, Leslie H. “New Brain cells develop during alcohol abstinence, UNC study shows”.
“Mitosis”. Science Daily. 3 Mar 2008. <h/ttp://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/mitosis.
Neuroscience Expo: Brain Injury. FSU Neuroscience/Brain Awareness Week. Florida State
University. 15 Apr 2008. <http://www.neuro.fsu.edu/researchhighlights.>.
The Statistics are Frightening. The Brain Injury Recovery Network. 15 April 2008.
<http://tbirecovery.org/Intro.html.>
Traumatic Brain Injury Information Page. “National Institute of Neurological Disorders and
Strokes.” 3 mar 2008.< http:www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders. >
The University of North Carolina of Chapel Hill. 5 Nov. 2004.
<http://www.unc.edu/news/archives/nov04/alcoholabstain110504.html.>