Transcript clicker questions

CLICKER QUESTIONS
For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION
Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson
Chapter 21
Genomes and Their Evolution
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Questions prepared by
Jung Choi
Georgia Institute of Technology
Louise Paquin
McDaniel College
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following seems to be the known
upper and lower size limits of genomes?
a) 1-2900 Mb
b) 1500-40,000 Mb
c) 1-580,000 Mb
d) 100 – 120,000 Mb
e) 100- 200,000 Mb
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Genome Sequencing
Which of these criteria have been used in
selecting species whose genomes have been
sequenced?
a) The species should be relevant for human health or
well-being.
b) The species should have a relatively small genome.
c) The species should have an important ecological
role.
d) The species may yield key evolutionary insights.
e) All of the above.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Genome Annotation and Gene Prediction
In sequencing the human genome (the first
vertebrate genome to be sequenced), how were
most protein-coding exons and genes identified
and annotated?
a) by identifying long open reading frames
b) by identifying DNA sequences that were conserved in
human, yeast, nematode, and fruit fly genomes
c) by mapping human mutations to the genomic DNA
sequence
d) by comparison to human cDNA and EST sequences
e) all of the above
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Comparative Genomics
On average, the human and chimpanzee DNA
sequences differ by 12 nucleotide substitutions per
1,000 base pairs (bp). Fossil evidence suggests that
the hominid lineage diverged from the great apes 6
million years ago. Therefore,
a) the human lineage accumulated 2 mutations per 1,000
bp per million years.
b) a human protein-coding gene of 300 amino acids
evolved through an average of 12 mutation events.
c) the mutation rate for humans is 2 mutations per 1,000 bp
per million years.
d) All of the above are true.
e) None of the above are true.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Human Evolution
Given the high degree of sequence similarity between the
human and chimpanzee genomes, what might be the most
important factor that drove hominid evolution in the past 6
million years?
a) small changes in proteins that affect their function or activity in
important ways
b) changes in regulatory sequences that affect the timing and level
of expression of genes
c) evolution of a few novel protein-coding genes that play key roles
in neural development
d) gene duplication events that selectively expanded a set of genes
favoring development of human traits
e) all of the above
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Human Evolution Hypothesis Testing
What experimental technique could be used to
test the hypothesis that humans and chimpanzees
have significantly different patterns of gene
expression?
a) comparison of promoter DNA sequences
b) hybridization of RNA from various human and
chimpanzee tissues to a DNA microarray containing all
21,000 human genes
c) analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in
human and chimpanzee populations
d) comparison of human disease alleles to chimpanzee
homologues
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Transposons
The human genome has about 7,000 Alu elements not
found in chimpanzees, whereas the chimpanzee genome
has about 2,300 Alu elements not found in humans. How
might the Alu elements influence human evolution?
a) They may affect levels of expression of adjacent genes.
b) They may create new alternative splicing variants of a
protein.
c) They may promote recombination events that induce
chromosomal rearrangements, deletions, and
duplications.
d) all of the above
e) none of the above: Alu elements are “junk” DNA
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pseudogenes
Many pseudogenes in vertebrate genomes lack
introns. What process may account for such
pseudogenes?
a) gene duplication followed by DNA splicing to remove
introns
b) recombination between duplicated copies of genes
c) reverse transcription of a processed mRNA and insertion
of the cDNA copy to a new chromosomal location
d) duplication events that involve just the exons
e) unequal crossing over between duplicated copies of
genes
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.