Transcript Heredity Power Point - Auburn School District

Human Heredity
Poll the Audience
YOYO: A.B.C.
List 3 Genetic
Diseases/Disorders
Dominate Disorders
Has one dominate gene.
•PP ZZ Ll Oo
Dwarfism
Polydactyl: Many Digets
Syndactyly
Symrachyclactyly:
Missing fingers
Familial
Hypercholesterdemia
• Familial Hyper-cholesterolemia –
High blood cholesterol and propensity
for heart disease
Hypertension
Chronic Simple
Glaucoma
• Chronic Simple
Glaucoma –
Drainage system for
fluid in the eye does
not work and pressure
builds up, leading to
damage of the optic
nerve which can result
in blindness.
Huntington’s Disease
Huntington’s
Disease
Nervous system
degeneration.
Causes early death.
Onset in middle age.
Irregular gait
Shaking
Emotionally fragile
Dementia
Neurofibromatosis
• Neurofibromatosis
• Benign tumors in
skin or deeper
Progeria
• Progeria – Drastic
premature aging, rare,
die by age 13.
Symptoms include limited growth,
small face and jaw, wrinkled skin,
atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular
problems but mental development
not affected.
Recessive Disorders
Has 2
recessive
genes.
Examples of Recessive Disorders
• Tay Sachs Disease – Lacks of enzyme needed to
break down lipids necessary for normal brain function.
• Common in Ashkenazi Jews
• Blindness, seizures, paralysis, and early death.
Congenital Disorders
• A congenital disorder, or congenital
disease, is a condition before birth.
Mental
Retardation
Club Foot
Co-joined Twins
Cleft Lip
Down Syndrome
http://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play?p=youtube%3A+abby+and+brittany+conjoined+twins&vid=cccb340ce1e1cb3a385bbf4f36095d41&l=5%3A04&turl=http%3A%2F%2Fts1.mm.bing.net%2
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5 min video conjoined teenage girls
Congenital Deafness
and Blindness
Diabetes Mellitus
Albinism
Phenylketoneuria (PKU)
• Inability to break down
the amino acid
phenylalanine. Must
cut protein from diet
• Results in serious
mental retardation
Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic Fibrosis –
affects mucus and
sweat glands, thick
mucus in lungs and
digestive tract that
interferes with gas
exchange, lethal.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kCSjfxm1jgY
Multiple Alleles
• There are more than 2 alleles for a trait
• Blood type in humans
• Blood Alleles?
– A, B, O
• Blood Types?
– Type A, Type B, Type AB, Type O
Rules for Blood Type
• A and B are codominant
– AA = Type A
– BB = Type B
– AB = Type AB
• A and B are dominant over O
– AO = type A
– BO = type B
– OO = type O
A. What is color blindness?
B. How many people are color blind?
C. What careers can’t you do if you are color blind?
D. Who is more likely to be color blind? Boys/girls?
E. What are the most colors that color blind
people can’t see?
F. What countries have the most people that are
color blind?
G. Is there a cure for color blindness? Can it be
prevented?
Can You see the Number?
Colorblindness is an X-linked recessive trait.
Traits found on the X chromosome
Genetics
• The study of heredity and the
variation of inherited characteristics
Heredity
• Passing on traits from parent to offspring.
Phenotype
• The physical characteristics of a
trait. The one you see.
Genotype
• The genetic makeup of a trait
Alleles
• Any of several forms
that are responsible
for hereditary variation.
Height: Short –Tall
Color Pink-white-mixed
of a gene,
Gamete
• Sperm or Ova (egg) that carries genetic
that carries ½ the genetic material.
Zygote
• New creation formed by sperm and egg
joining together
Homozygous
• Two identical alleles: WW or ww
Heterozygous
• Different alleles (traits) for a gene Ww
Dominant
• The trait, allele of a gene that is
expressed – the one you can see if
there is a dominant allele: W or Ww.
aa
bb
Recessive
Bb
BB
Dominate
Co-dominance
• The heterozygous condition, both alleles
are expressed equally 50/50 1:2 prob.
• Sickle Cell Anemia in Humans
NN =
normal cells
SS = sickle cells NS = some of
each
Sickle Cell Anemia
The disease occurs in 1 out of 500 African Americans.
The disease occurs in 1 out of 36,000 Hispanic Americans
Recessive
• The trait, allele of a gene that is NOT
expressed – the one you CANNOT
see unless there is 2 recessive
alleles:
aa
bb
Recessive
Bb
BB
Dominate
Incomplete Dominance
• The heterozygous is a blend between the
dominant and recessive.
• 75/25, 3 to 1 probability
RR = red
rr = white
Rr = pink
Trait
A genetically
determined
Characteristics:
Phenotype
Is from your
Genotype
Karyotypes
Karyotypes
• Maps of
chromosomes
• 22 homologous
pairs of human
chromosomes
• Sex Chromosomes
are the 23rd pair of
chromosomes that
determine the sex
of an individual.
Changes in Chromosome
Number and Structure
Down syndrome is caused by a change in chromosome number.
Down syndrome
(trisomy 21)
The Frequency of Chromosome Non-Disjunction
And Down Syndrome Rises Sharply with
Maternal Age
The phenomenon is clear – the explanation isn’t.
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HOW BABY GROWS IN THE WOMB DURING PREGNANCY How TWINS are made? (Triples, Quads)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZsZ9vXFx04
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZsZ9vXFx04
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZsZ9vXFx04
Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)
Removing a cell for
diagnosis from a human
embryo.
Amniocentesis and Chorionic Villus
Sampling
Many new
techniques for
learning about
individual genes
rather than whole
chromosomes are
available or
under
development.
Choose the sex of your
child
Dolly: In 1996, Ian Wilmut cloned
Dolly from an adult sheep
CopyCat
• In February 2002,
researchers from
Texas A & M
reported the live birth
of a cloned tabby.
• Researchers are
interested in using
cloned cats in AIDS
research, since
feline AIDS is a good
model for human
AIDS.
What kind of plants and animals have been cloned?