Transcript PowerPoint to accompany

PowerPoint Lecture Outlines
to accompany
Hole’s Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Tenth Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter
24
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
24-1
Chapter 24
Genetics and Genomics
Genetics – study of inheritance of characteristics
Genome – complete set of genetic instructions
Genomics – looking at the body in terms of multiple,
interacting genes
24-2
From Gene to Protein
• when the gene
coding for CFTR
protein is mutant,
cystic fibrosis results
• CFTR protein folds
into a channel that
regulates the flow of
Cl- into and out of
cells lining the
respiratory tract,
pancreas, and
elsewhere
24-3
From Protein to Person
• when CFTR is
abnormal, it traps
Cl- in cells
• water in cells
forms very thick
mucus
24-4
Normal Karyotype
23 pairs of chromosomes
• pairs 1-22 are autosomes
• pair 23 are sex chromosomes
24-5
Genotype and Phenotype
Genotype
• particular combination of genes
• alleles are variant forms of the same gene
• homozygous – identical alleles
• heterozygous – different alleles
• wild type allele – produces most common or normal
phenotype
Phenotype
• way that genes are expressed
• blue eyes, presence of a protein, etc
24-6
Modes of Inheritance
Dominant allele masks the phenotype of the recessive allele
Recessive allele is expressed only if in a double dose (homozygous)
Autosomal conditions are carried on a nonsex chromosome
Sex-linked conditions are carried on a sex chromosome
X-linked conditions are carried on the X chromosome
Y-linked conditions are carried on the Y chromosome
24-7
Autosomal Recessive Disorder
• cystic fibrosis is an
example
• sexes are affected with
equal frequencies
• offspring probabilities
• 25% homozygous
dominant
• 50% heterozygous
• 25% homozygous
recessive
• punnet square and a
pedigree are useful ways
to express genetic
information
24-8
Autosomal Dominant Disorder
• Huntington
disease is an
example
• a person with one
HD allele develops
the disease
• both sexes are
equally affected
24-9
Incomplete Dominance
• heterozygote has a
phenotype
intermediate between
homozygous
dominant and
homozygous recessive
• familial
hypercholesterolemia
is an example
24-10
Codominance
• different alleles are both expressed
• ABO blood type is an example
• three alleles of ABO blood typing are IA, IB, I
• a person with type A may have the genotype IA i or IA IA
• a person with type B may have the genotype IB i or IB IB
• a person with type AB must have the genotype IA IB
• a person with type O blood must have the genotype ii
24-11
Penetrance and Expressivity
Complete penetrance
• everyone who inherits the disease causing alleles
has some symptoms
Imcomplete penetrance
• some individuals do not express the phenotype
even though they inherit the alleles (example
polydactyly)
Variable expression
• symptoms vary in intensity in different people
• two extra digits versus three extra digits in
polydactyly
24-12
Gene Expression
Pleiotropy
• single genetic disorder producing several symptoms
• Marfan syndrome is an example
• people affected produce several symptoms that vary
Genetic Heterogeneity
• same phenotype resulting from the actions of different
genes
• hereditary deafness is an example
24-13
Complex Traits
Monogenic
• determined by a single gene
• expression not usually influenced by the environment
Polygenic
• determined by more than one gene
• height, skin color, eye color
Complex traits
• traits molded by one or more genes plus
environmental factors
• height and skin color
24-14
Variations in Height
24-15
Variations in Skin Color
24-16
Variations in Eye Color
24-17
Sex Determination
24-18
Sex Chromosomes
X chromosome
• has over 1,000 genes
• most genes on the X chromosome do not have
corresponding alleles on the Y chromosome
Y chromosome
• has only a few dozen genes
• some genes are unique only to the Y chromosome
24-19
Sex-linked Genes
• Y-linked genes are transmitted only from father to son
• X-linked genes are transmitted from father to daughter
or from mother to daughter or son
• Hemophilia A is a sex-linked disorder
24-20
Hemophilia A
• passed from mother (heterozygote) to son
• each son has a 50% chance of receiving the recessive allele from the
mother
• each son with one recessive allele will have the disease
• each son has no allele on the Y chromosome to mask the recessive allele
• each daughter has a 50% chance of receiving the recessive allele from the
mother
• each daughter with one recessive allele will be a carrier
• each daughter with one recessive allele does not develop the disease
because she has another X chromosome with a dominant allele
24-21
Gender Effects on Phenotype
Sex-limited trait
• affects a structure or function of the body that
is present in only males or females
• examples are beards or growth of breasts
Sex-influenced inheritance
• an allele is dominant in one sex and recessive in the
other
• baldness is an example
• heterozygous males are bald but heterozygous females
are not
24-22
Chromosomal Disorders
Polyploidy
• extra set of chromosomes
• most embryos die
Aneuploidy
• missing a chromosome or having an extra chromosome
• results from nondisjunction
• trisomy is the condition of having an extra chomosome
• monosomy is the condition of missing a chromosome
Euploid is a normal chromosome number
24-23
Causes of Aneuploidy
24-24
Prenatal Tests
24-25
Gene Therapy
• alters, replaces, silences, or augments a gene’s function
• heritable gene therapy
• introduces the genetic change into a sperm, egg, or
zygote
• changes passed to future generations
• common in plants
• nonheritable gene therapy
• targets only affected cells
• changes not passed to future generations
24-26
Sites of Gene Therapy
24-27
Clinical Application
Down Syndrome
• most common autosomal aneuploid
• trisomy 21
• signs include and symptoms include
• short stature
• mental retardation
• protruding tongue
• heart defects
• kidney defects
• suppressed immune systems
• digestive disorders
24-28