Transcript Characteristics of Living Things

• Characteristics of Living Things
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Need food/require energy
Made of cells
Respond to their environment
Adapt to their environment
• Cells and Heredity
– Cell Theory
• All living things are made of cells.
• The cell is the basic unit of structure and function
• All cells come from preexisting cells
Cellular Classification
• Unicellular Organisms • Multicellular Organisms
• __________ celled
• ____________________
• Bacteria, archaea,
• Plants, animals, fungi,
some protists (euglena,
some protists
paramecium, amoeba)
Cells
Nucleus present
Eukaryote
Prokaryote
Membrane
bound
organelles
NO Nucleus
NO Membrane
bound
organelles
Linear DNA
Single or multicelled
Fungi
Circular DNA
Single celled
Plant
Animal
Protists
Bacteria
Archaea
Classify as single or multi-celled,
prokaryotic or eukaryotic, & kingdom
Human
Cat
Bacteria
Oak Tree
Gold Fish
Euglena
Mushroom
Fly
Snake
Paramecium
Daffodil
Cyanobacteria
Virus
Kelp
Homeostasis
 Maintaining a ______________________
environment inside of an organism
 Examples:
Cellular Transport
• Into the cell
• Out of the cell
Methods of Transport
• Active Transport
– Requires _________________
– uses transport protein
• Passive transport
– Does ______ require energy
– Moves from ________ to _____ concentration
– Wants to reach equilibrium
Passive Transport
• Diffusion= movement of ______________
• Osmosis
– Movement of ______ from area of low solute
concentration to high solute concentration
(from hypotonic to hypertonic)
• Hypotonic = lower solute concentration
• Hypertonic = higher solute concentration
• Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
• Movement of ______________
• Water makes up about 70% of the cell and is
required for transport of food, nutrients, and
waste throughout the body.
• Water moves from a
_________________solution to a
______________ solution.
• Hypotonic Solution: Lower solute concentration
• Hypertonic Solution: Greater solute
concentration
• Isotonic Solution: equal solute concentration
• Animal Cells need to be
surrounded by an
___________ solution
– Animal cells in a
hypotonic solution gain
water and will swell and
burst
– Animal cells in a
hypertonic solution lose
water and will shrivel
• Plant Cells need to be
surrounded by a
___________solution.
– Plant cells in an isotonic
solution become
flaccid
– Plant cells in a
hypertonic solution lose
water undergo
plasmolysis
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
• ___________________
• A cell takes in
macromolecules or other
substances when regions
of the plasma membrane
surround the substance,
pinch off, and form a
vesicle within the cell.
• A cell secretes
macromolecules –waste,
hormones,
neurotransmitters, etc.
Practice:
1. An animal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution; what
will happen to the cell?
2. A plant cell contains a solute concentration of 0.5M; in
what direction will water move if the cell is placed in a
0.2M solution?
3. What term best describes the process by which a drop
of food coloring over time spreads out uniformly through
a beaker of water?
4. In the diagram to the right, what will be the direction of
net water movement across the semi-permeable
membrane?
7.5M
NaCl
5.7M
NaCl
Cell Division
Mitosis
• _______________________
• ____________ cells
• Daughter cells:
– _____________________________
– _____________________________
– _____________________________
– ____________________________
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Chromatin coiled to form discrete chromosomes
Nucleoli disappear
Form mitotic spindle, lengthen microtubules
Nuclear membrane breaks down
Microtubules attach to chromosomes at
kinetochore
___________________
– Chromosomes lined up at middle of cell
___________________
– Microtubules shorten
– Chromatids _____________ pulled toward opposite sides of the cell
___________________
– Daughter nuclei form at either side
– Chromatin becomes less tightly coiled
– Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm) occurs during telophase.
Meiosis
• ______________ reproduction
• Form ______________________
• Daughter cells
– __________produced (two nuclear
divisions)
– ________________ (cuts the
number of chromosomes in half)
– Different from parent and unique
from each other
Mitosis
2 identical daughter cells
4 identical daughter cells
Chromosomes number halved
Chromosomes number maintained
2 rounds of division
One round of division
Sexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction
Genetic variation more likely
Daughter cells identical to parent
Daughter cells not identical to parent
Duplication of chromosomes occurs
Growth & maintenance
Produces gametes
Meiosis
• New Handout
Energy Transformation
• Law of Conservation of Matter: During an ordinary
chemical change, there is no detectable change in
the _________
of matter
amount
• Law of Conservation of Energy: energy cannot be
destroyed
_________
or _________,
but can change in form
created
carbon
• Macromolecules: composed of __________
and are the building blocks of all living things.
Organic Macromolecules
Disaccharide
polypeptide
support
energy
energy
Rice, bread,
potatoes
DNA/RNA
Meat, cheese,
beans
Butter, oil
genetic
Meat, fruit,
vegetables
Flow of Energy Through an Ecosystem
• Autotrophs or Producers
sun
– Obtain energy from the _________
and nutrients from
the soil
_____
plants make their own food through the process of
– _______
____________
photosynthesis
• Heterotrophs or Consumers
eating
– Obtains energy through _____________
• Herbivore: eats only______________
plants
animals
• Carnivore: eats only ______________
• Omnivore: eats both
_________________
Eats producers
– Primary consumer:_________________________
– Secondary consumer:________________________
Eats primary consumer
• Decomposer
– ______________
dead & decaying matter to
breakdown
____________
nutrients back to the soil
_______
inorganic
bacteria
fungi
– _________________
& ______________
– Why are decomposers necessary in an
Return nutrients back to soil for
ecosystem?___________________________
____________________________________
producers to use and start cycle over
Ecology
• Matter and energy change forms by means of food
chains and food webs (a series of interconnected
food chains).
– Producers come first in a food chain. Producers are also
called __autotrophs___ and include plants and other
organisms that make their own food (usually through a
process known as __photosynthesis_______________).
– Consumers (or _heterotrophs__) are shown in the order in
which they consume their food or prey. Consumers can
obtain their food through __predation___ or
__scavenging___.
– Decomposers are organisms that break down dead
organisms and allow nutrients to be recycled. They come
last in a food chain.
– Example of a food chain:
• Food chain
linear
– _____________
pathway of energy transport
through an ecosystem
– _____________
producers come first
– ________________
decomposers come last
Show flow of energy
– Arrows ____________________
(not who eats who!)
Food Webs
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Network/web of food chains
A _____________
producers are at the beginning
____________
____________
decomposersare at the end
Show flow of energy
Arrows ___________________
(not who eats who!)
Ecology
Ecology is the study of the interaction among
organisms and between organisms and their
environment.
• Levels of ecological organization:
– The environment is made up of living components (_biotic_
factors) and nonliving components (__abiotic__ factors)
– Organisms that live closely with other organisms are in a
symbiotic relationship.
• Mutualism
a. one organism benefits while the
other is harmed
• Commensalism b. both organisms benefit
• Parasitism
c. one organism benefits while the other
is neither helped nor harmed
Living Together
• Mutualism
– Both benefit
– Ants & aphids
• Commensalism
– One benefits other is neither harmed nor
helped
– Birds & bison
• Parasitism
– One benefits other is harmed
– Fungus on trees
Ecosystem
• All living and nonliving things in a given area
Community
– All living organisms that inhabit a given area.
– A group of populations
Population
• A group of individuals belonging to the same species
that live together in the same area
Competition
• Two or more organisms require the same resource that
is in limited supply.
• Food, shelter, light, water, mates
• The strongest organism will win the competition and will
be more likely to live and pass its genes on to the next
generation (natural selection).
Habitat
• Place or environment in which populations live
Niche
• Role of a species in an ecosystem
• Relationships, activities, resources used
Succession
• The series of predictable changes that occurs in a
community over time
• Primary succession occurs on a surface where no soil
exists. Example: bare rock, areas covered by volcanic
ash
• Secondary succession occurs in an area where a
disturbances changes an existing community without
destroying the soil. Example: plowed land, area
burned by wildfire
Biomes
Cycles of Matter
Carbon Cycle
• Carbon is the key
ingredient in all living
organisms
• Processes involved:
biological (example:
photosynthesis),
geochemical (example:
release of CO2 by
volcanoes), human
activity (example: burning
of fossil fuels)
Nitrogen Cycle
• All organisms require nitrogen to build
proteins
• Forms of nitrogen: N2 in atmosphere;
NH3, NO3-, NO2- in wastes; nitrate from
fertilizers
• Some bacteria convert N2 into NH3
during nitrogen fixation.
• Some bacteria convert nitrates into N2
during denitrification.
• Water Cycle
• All organisms require water to survive.
• Processes: evaporation, transpiration,
condensation, precipitation, seepage,
runoff
Genetics
• Dominant Allele = fully expressed
• Recessive Allele = only shows if dominant allele is
absent
• Homozygous = having 2 same allele
• Heterozygous = having two different alleles
• Phenotype = physical and physiological traits; what is
expressed; what you see
• Y = yellow; y = green
Genotype
Description
Phenotype
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Yy
yy
• A chicken and a rooster mate. The chicken has
white feathers and the rooster has brown
feathers. Brown is dominant, and white is
recessive. Assuming the rooster is
heterozygous, predict the frequency of each
genotype and phenotype in their offspring.