Transcript Test Prep Middle Grades

1. Pressure-Temperature Relationship in Gases
Combined Gas Law:
According to the law, if temperature remains constant, but
volume is changed, pressure will change to keep equal proportion.
100kPa • 1.00m3
300k
=
50kPa • 2.00m3
300k
KiloPascal (kPa) - metric unit for pressure
Kelvin (k) - Standard International
unit of temperature
2. Atomic Structure
•1803 John Dalton proposed an "atomic theory"
with spherical solid atoms based upon measurable
properties of mass. “Solid Sphere Model”
•1898 JJ Thomson used a CRT to experimentally
determine the charge to mass ratio of an electron.
“Plum Pudding Model” / Electrons
•1911 Rutherford Nucleus is dense, small, and
positively charged. Electrons are located outside
the nucleus. “Planetary Model” / Nucleus
•1922 Niels Bohr Developed an explanation of
atomic structure that underlies regularities of
the periodic table of elements. “Electron Shells”
3. Elements that Exist as Diatoms
4. Newton’s Laws
First Law - An object will stay at rest or move at a constant
velocity (constant speed in a straight line) unless acted upon
by an unbalanced force.
Second Law - The rate of change of the momentum of a body
is directly proportional to the net force acting on it, and the
direction of the change in momentum takes place in the
direction of the net force.
Third Law - For every action (force applied) there is an
equal but opposite reaction (equal force applied in the
opposite direction).
5. Gravity, EMF, Velocity, & Friction
Gravity- A pulling force of attraction between objects that
increases with the mass of the objects.
Electromagnetic Force – The interaction between charged
particles arising from their magnetic and electric properties.
Velocity – Measure of the rate of movement of an object in a
given direction. (Not a force!!!)
Frictional Force – The rubbing of one object against another
that can cause the motion of the object(s) to change.
6. Chemical Bonding
Ionic Bond:
electrons are transferred
forming positive and
negative ions that attract
(metals combine with
non-metals)
Covalent Bond:
Calcium Oxide
atoms share electrons
Two types of covalent bonds:
Nonpolar Bonds
Polar Bonds
(electrons equally shared)
H2
(electrons unequally shared)
H2O
7. Doppler Effect
The Doppler Effect is the apparent change in frequency and
wavelength of a wave that is perceived by an observer moving
relative to the source of the waves.
This source of waves is moving to the
left. The frequency is higher on the left,
and lower on the right.
8. Mechanical Advantage
Mechanical Advantage (MA) – the factor by
which a mechanism multiplies the force or
torque applied to it.
Therefore…
MA = 600N ÷ 100N = 6.0
9. Potential & Kinetic Energy
A roller coaster’s potential energy is
greatest at the highest peak on the
track.
10. Electric Circuits (Page 1 of 2)
Complete Circuit
Any circuit in which current is
able to run through it in order to
do some kind of work.
Parallel Circuit
Voltages across components are the
same, but each component drops
different amounts of current.
10. Electric Circuits (Page 2 of 2)
Series Circuit
Current remains constant but voltage
drops differently across components
of the circuit that have resistance.
Short Circuit
Allows current to travel along a path
where there is essentially no
resistance, removing power from
other working components.
11. Ring of Fire (Page 1 of 2)
11. Ring of Fire (Page 2 of 2)
Transform fault lines are where two
tectonic plates slide past one another,
common in mid-ocean ridge regions.
Subduction zones involve an oceanic plate
sliding beneath either a continental plate
or another oceanic plate.
Fracture zones are linear oceanic
features resulting from the action of
offset mid-ocean ridge segments.
Spreading centers occur where two
plates are moving away from each
other, and deep cracks are opened.
12. Mangrove Swamps in Florida
Mangrove swamps create a valuable
nursery habitat for fish and shellfish.
13. Weather
Midlatitude cyclones are the result of
the dynamic interaction of warm
tropical and cold polar air masses.
Tornadoes form as columns of warm,
humid air begin to rise quickly.
High pressure systems are formed
from the cooling and sinking of air.
Hurricanes are fueled by the release
of latent heat as water vapor
condenses over warm ocean water.
14. Mass of Stars (Page 1 of 2)
The “main
sequence” is a
continuous and
distinctive band
of stars that
appears on plots
of color versus
luminosity.
(Does not apply to
red giants or white
dwarfs.)
14. Mass of Stars (Page 2 of 2)
In astrophysics, the mass–
luminosity relation is an
equation giving the relationship
between a star's mass and its
luminosity. The relationship is
represented by the equation:
L⊙ and M⊙ are the luminosity
& mass and 3 < a < 6.
(The value a = 3.5 is commonly
used for main sequence stars.)
15. Star Composition
A gas chromatograph is an instrument
used to separate a sample substance into
components in gas chromatography.
A spectroscope takes light and splits it up into its
component colors. Different elements make different
colors when they glow. The spectroscope spreads out
the colors of the light, and we can identify the
elements by the bright lines we see in a spectroscope.
Reflecting telescopes use curved mirrors
to reflect light and form an image.
Microscopes use magnifying
lenses to help inspect small
objects.
16. Aerobic Respiration
Oxygen is required by organisms because
it reacts with glucose to release energy.
Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
17. Punnett Square
Genotype: the "internally coded, inheritable information"
carried by all living organisms
Phenotype: the "outward, physical manifestation" of an
organism
Heterozygous: having one dominant and one recessive
allele
Homozygous: having either two dominant or two
recessive alleles
Punnett Square
R
r
R RR Rr
r Rr rr
18. RNA Production
(a) DNA info is transcribed to RNA.
(b) This RNA is then subject to posttranscription, resulting in a mature mRNA
that is then transported out of the nucleus
and into the cytoplasm.
(c) Then mRNA goes through translation
into a protein by ribosomes.
(d) Synthesized proteins (black) often go
through post-translation, such as by binding
to an effector molecule (orange), to become
fully active.
Note: Replication occurs when DNA makes
newer strands of itself.
19. Body Systems
Nervous System – receives and
interprets stimuli and transmits
impulses throughout the body
Immune System – system in
the body that works to ward off
infection and disease
Excretory System – system that
excretes wastes from the body
Endocrine System – system that
regulates body activities by producing
chemical messengers in glands
20. Evolution
Acquired Traits – traits that evolve as a
result of experiences with the world (like
calluses on hands) / not passed on to
offspring
Geographical Isolation – the process of physical
separation of members in a population
Geographical Change –
a change in the physical
environment
Climate Stability –
a period of relatively
little change in the
climate
21. Biogeochemical Cycles (Part 1 of 2)
Water Cycle – the circulation of the Earth's water. (Not
dependent on symbiotic relationship between two species.)
Phosphorus Cycle – describes the movement of phosphorus
through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. (Not
dependent on symbiotic relationship between two species.)
Carbon Cycle – allows for carbon to be recycled and reused
throughout the biosphere and its organisms. (Not dependent on
symbiotic relationship between two species.)
Nitrogen Cycle – in this cycle, some symbiotic bacteria “fix”
(convert) atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into organic nitrogen
(ammonia).
21. Biogeochemical Cycles (Part 2 of 2)
The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes
the transformations of nitrogen and nitrogen-containing
compounds in nature.
22. Energy Resources
Propane is derived from other
petroleum products during oil or
natural gas processing. (Nonrenewable.)
Coal is a nonrenewable, readily
combustible black or brownish-black
sedimentary rock.
Biomass is a renewable energy resource made
from living or recently living organisms.
Oil (petroleum) is a toxic,
flammable, nonrenewable liquid
burned to create usable energy.
23. Animal Adaptation
Mimicry – the similarity of one species to
another which protects one or both
Camouflage – the means by which
animals escape the notice of predators,
usually because of a resemblance to their
surroundings
Competition – the struggle among
organisms, both of the same and of different
species, for food, water, shelter, space, and
other necessities
Avoidance – the act of avoiding or
withdrawing from danger
24. Trophic Levels
25. Handling Animals
Infections with Salmonella are one of the
greatest health risks associated with the
ownership of pet turtles and other
reptiles.
26. Chemical Safety
A material safety data
sheet (MSDS) is a
form with data
regarding the
properties of a
particular substance.
27. Authentic Asessment
Concept Map – a type of diagram which
shows various relationships between concepts
Demonstration Model –
Venn Diagram – a diagram
a physical model used to
demonstrate concepts in 3dimensional space
that uses circles to represent
sets and their relationships
Expository Essay – a genre of essay
that requires the student to investigate,
evaluate, and expound on an idea
28. Experimental Validity
Control groups are needed to eliminate alternate
explanations of experimental results.
29. Scientific Knowledge
(Old, “geocentric” model of the universe.)
Scientific knowledge is open to change!
30. Lab Safety
Models of dangerous
activities are far safer
than real activities for
many scientific
inquiries.
(A thermite reaction gone wrong.)