Transcript 6.3 Mendel and Heredity

6.3 Mendel and Heredity
KEY CONCEPT 6.3, 6.4, & 6.5
Mendel’s research showed that traits are inherited as
discrete (individual) units.
6.3 Mendel and Heredity
Mendel laid the groundwork for genetics.
• Traits are distinguishing
characteristics that are
inherited. (eye color, hair
color)
• Genetics is the study of
biological inheritance patterns
and variation.
• Gregor Mendel showed that
traits are inherited as discrete
units.
– Like different colored
marbles mixed together
that can still be picked out
separately.
6.3 Mendel and Heredity
• Mendel crossed many pea plants and observed these
seven traits. His results led to important conclusions (more
on that later)
6.3 Mendel and Heredity
The same gene can have many versions.
• A gene is a piece of DNA that directs a cell to make a
certain protein.
• Each gene has a locus, a
specific position on a pair of
homologous chromosomes.
6.3 Mendel and Heredity
• An allele is any alternative form of a gene occurring at a
specific locus on a chromosome. (gene=pea shape,
alleles= wrinkled or smooth)
– Each parent donates
one allele for every
gene.
-Genotype: The genetic makeup of a
specific set of genes
-Phenotype: The physical characteristics of
an individual – what you actually SEE
-Homozygous(purebred)
describes two alleles
that are the same at a
specific locus. Ex: (RR
or rr)
– Heterozygous (Hybrid)
describes two alleles
that are different at a
specific locus.Ex: (Rr)
6.3 Mendel and Heredity
• Alleles can be represented using letters.
– A dominant allele is
expressed as a phenotype
(visible trait) when at least
one allele is dominant.
– A recessive allele is
expressed as a phenotype
(visible trait) only when two
copies are present.
– Dominant alleles are
represented by uppercase
letters; recessive alleles by
lowercase letters.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-0rSv6oxSY
6.3 Mendel and Heredity
• Mendel used pollen to fertilize selected pea plants (Ex.:
Purple Flowers X White Flowers)
– He crossed the P (parent) generation to produce F1
(first filial or first set of offspring) generation.
– He interrupted the self-pollination process in the plants
by removing male flower parts.
Mendel controlled the
fertilization of his pea plants
by removing the male parts,
or stamens.
He then fertilized the female
part, or pistil, with pollen from
a different pea plant.
6.3 Mendel and Heredity
• Skip to: Mendel then allowed the resulting plants to selfpollinate.
– Among the F1 generation, all plants had purple flowers
– this is the phenotype (describes physical traits, what
we can see)
– F1 plants are all heterozygous this is the genotype
(describes the internal makeup of the genes, what we
cannot see).
6.3 Mendel and Heredity
6.3 Mendel and Heredity
Back to: Punnett squares illustrate genetic crosses.
• The Punnett square is a grid system for predicting all
possible genotypes resulting from a cross.
– The axes represent
the possible gametes
of each parent.
– The boxes show the
possible genotypes
of the offspring.
• The Punnett square
yields the ratio of
possible genotypes and
phenotypes.
6.3 Mendel and Heredity
A monohybrid cross involves one trait.
• Monohybrid crosses examine the inheritance of only one
specific trait. (let’s do this one from Mendel’s experiment as
an example).
6.3 Mendel and Heredity
• Phenotype (Offspring): 100% Purple flowers
• Genotype (Offspring): 100% Heterozygous
6.3 Mendel and Heredity
• Among the F2 generation (when the F1 generation is
crossed with themselves), some plants had purple flowers
and some had white
• Let’s do this cross and see how he got these results.
6.3 Mendel and Heredity
– F2 Results: (Answer)
– Phenotype: 75% Purple, 25% White (3:1 Purple:White)
– Genotype: 25% Homozygous Dominant (FF)
– 50% Heterozygous (Ff)
– 25% Homozygous Recessive (ff)
– Ratio: 1:2:1 Homo Dom: Hetero: Homo Rec
– ¼ Ho Do, ¼ Ho Rec, 2/4 Hetero
6.3 Mendel and Heredity
• Practice: Ff x ff
• What words would you use to describe the P generation
(parents)?
• What would the phenotype and genotype be of the F1
generation?
Phenotype: 50%
Purple, 50% White
Genotype: 50%
Heterozygous, 50%
Homozygous
Recessive
6.3 Mendel and Heredity
• Both homozygous dominant and heterozygous
genotypes yield a dominant phenotype
– Ex: FF and Ff are both purple
• The only combination that shows the recessive
phenotype is when homozygous recessive is the
genotype
– Ex: ff is white
6.3 Mendel and Heredity
• Mendel drew three important conclusions.
1. Traits are inherited as discrete units.
2. Organisms inherit two copies of each gene, one from
each parent.
3. The two copies segregate
during gamete formation.
–The last two conclusions are
called the law of segregation.
purple
white
6.3 Mendel and Heredity
• http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-mendel-s-pea-plantshelped-us-understand-genetics-hortensia-jimenez-diaz