Transcript Cellular Adaptation & Proliferation

Cellular Adaptation &
Proliferation
OR
WHY GOOD CELLS GO BAD!
Adaptation
• Define and describe the different types of
cellular adaptation?
• Describe the mechanisms of cellular injury for:
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Hypoxia
Free radicals
Inflammatory responses
Nutritional imbalances
Physical trauma
Necrosis
• Define necrosis and describe the difference
between necrosis and apoptosis
• Provide examples of the cellular changes that
support the two general theories of aging
• Characterize somatic death and its
manifestations.
Critical thinking
• Can a dental hygienist observe that his or her
patient has been persistently biting his or her
cheek?
Critical thinking
• Why are the neurons of the Central Nervous
System (CNS) on of the first tissues to
demonstrate the effects of systemic hypoxic
condiditons?
During ischemia, what effect does
the loss of adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) level have on cells?
• A. Cells shrink because of the influx of Ca.
• B. Cells shrink because of the influx of KCl.
• C. Cells swell because of the influx of NaCl.
• D. Cells swell because of the influx of nitric
oxide (NO)
Critical thinking
• Can a crime scene investigation (CSI) team
determine the location of an assailant to the
victim based on entrance wound characteristics?
How does carbon monoxide cause
tissue damage?
• A. By competing with carbon dioxide so that it
cannot be excreted.
• B. By binding to hemoglobin so that it cannot
carry oxygen.
• C. By destroying the chemical bonds of
hemoglobin so it cannot carry oxygen.
• D. By removing iron from hemoglobin so it
cannot carry oxygen.
Critical thinking
• Is a nutritional deficiency the only form of
nutritional imbalance?
What is the leading cause of injury
to and death of patients?
• A. Motor vehicle and airplane accidents.
• B. Fires and burns.
• C. Drug or alcohol-related accidents
• D. Medical errors
Critical thinking
• Explain how a deep sea diver develops
decompressions sickness (“the bends”).
What organs are affected by the type of
necrosis that results from hypoxia caused by
severe ischemia or caused by chemical injury?
• A. Lungs and pulmonary vessels.
• B. Brain and spinal cord.
• C. Kidneys and heart.
• D. Muscles and bones.
Critical thinking
• How does a medical laboratory practitioner
provide laboratory evidence to a physician that
cellular injury is taking place?
When the heart’s workload
increases, what changes occur to
the myocardial cells?
• A. They divide.
• B. They increase in size.
• C. They increase in number.
• D. They undergo metaplasia
Critical thinking
• Ms. Jones has an annual Pap smear and
gynecologic examination. Three years ago,
immediately before her third pregnancy, the
pathology report of her Pap smear indicated she
had hormonal hyperplasia. Her current Pap
smear indicates she has atypical hyperplasia or
dysphasia. What is the difference between these
two conditions and what does that mean to
Ms. Jones
What is the single most common
cause of cellular injury?
• A. Hypoxic injury
• B. Chemical injury
• C. Infectious injury
• D. Genetic injury
Critical thinking
• Mr. Smith is diagnosed with a cerebral embolus
(stroke). Explain how hypoxia causes the
intracellular ion balance to change.
Which cell component is the most
vulnerable target of radiation?
• A. Plasma membrane
• B. Mitochondria
• C. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• D. Golgi body
Critical thinking
• A victim of poisoning presents with a cherry-red
appearance. How would you determine what
type of poisoning this victim has?
Which is a description of the
characteristics of apoptosis?
• A. Programmed cell death of scattered, single
cells.
• B. Characterized by swelling of the nucleus and
cytoplasm.
• C. Has unpredictable patterns of cell death.
• D. Results in benign malignancies.
Critical thinking
• Mr. Young has been smoking one pack of
cigarettes per day for 20 years. Describe the
possible cellular changes that have occurred in
his bronchial linings that can make him more
prone to upper respiratory infections.
Critical thinking
• Explain changes that occur in a body during the
first 48 hours after death.
Biology of Cancer
• Describe how neoplastic cellular growth differs
from cellular adaptation.
• Define and describe carcinoma in situ (CIS).
• Define and relate angiogenesis t cancer growth.
• Relate chronic inflammation to cancer cell
development.
Biology of Cancer
• Describe the mechanisms of cancer development for:
▫ Helicobacter pylori
▫ Tobacco use
▫ Physical activity
▫ Nutritional balance
▫ Sexual and reproductive behavior
▫ Ultraviolet radiation
▫ Alcohol consumption
Critical thinking
• A neighbor is diagnosed with hepatocellular
adenoma. Obviously, he is concerned about his
newly diagnosed condition. He would like to
know more about his condition. What type of
cell is involved? Is it benign or malignant? What
are the characteristics of benign versus
malignant tumors?
Carcinoma refers to abnormal cell
proliferation originating from
which tissue origin?
• A. Blood vessels
• B. Epithelium cells
• C. Connective tissue
• D. Glandular tissue
Critical thinking
• Three patients are diagnosed with different types
of cancer. One patient is a life-long smoker and
has lung cancer, one has active Crohn disease
and has colorectal cancer, and the other is a
farmer with newly diagnosed melanoma. Other
than the obvious thing, cancer, what do these
individuals have in common?
What are tumor cell markers?
• A. Hormones, enzymes, antigens, and antibodies
produced by cancer cells.
• B. Receptor sites on tumor cells that can be
identified and marked.
• C. Cytokines produced against cancer cells.
• D. Identification marks used in administering
radiation therapy.
Critical thinking
• Is the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) an ideal
tumor cell marker?
What is autocrine stimulation?
• A. The ability of cancer cells to stimulate
angiogenesis to create their own blood
supply.
• B. The ability of cancer cells to stimulate
secretions that turn off normal growth
inhibitors.
• C. The ability of cancer cells to secrete growth
factors that stimulate their own growth.
• D. The ability of cancer cells to divert nutrients
away from normal tissue for their own use.
Critical thinking
• How can bladder and pancreatic cancer be
linked to smoking? Is not lung cancer the only
cancer linked to smoking?
What are oncogenes?
• A. Genes that have undergone mutation that direct the
synthesis of protein to accelerate the rate of tissue
proliferation.
• B. Genes that direct synthesis of proteins to regulate
growth and provide necessary replacement of tissue.
• C. Genes that encode proteins that negatively regulate
the synthesis of proteins to show or halt replacement of
tissue.
• D. Genes that have undergone mutation to direct
malignant tissue toward blood vessels and lymph nodes
for metastasis.
Critical thinking
• A patient is being given a treatment regimen
consisting of a monoclonal vascular endothelial
growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor. What is the
treatment trying to accomplish?
Why are two “hits” required to
inactivate tumor suppressor genes?
• A. Because each allele must be altered and each
person has two copies, or alleles, of each
gene, one from each parent.
• B. Because the first “hit” stops tissue growth and
the second “hit” is needed to cause abnormal
tissue growth.
• C. Because they are larger than proto-oncogenes
requiring two “hits” to effect carcinogenesis.
• D. Because the first “hit” is insufficient to cause
sufficient damage to cause a mutation.
Critical thinking
• The history of the atomic bombs use in
Hiroshima and Nagasaki demonstrated
increased frequencies of leukemias, thyroid
cancer, breast carcinomas, and other tumors.
Offspring of the atomic bomb survivors did not
have an increased risk of malformations and
cancer. What does this information tell us about
the affect on the somatic or germline cells?
Normally, which cells are
“immortal” (never die)?
• A. None, all cells eventually die.
• B. Stem cells and germ cells.
• C. Blood cells.
• D. Epithelial cells.
Critical thinking
• Mr. Benson, 60 years old, lives near phosphate
and uranium deposits. His father was a uranium
miner. Mr. Benson has worked in a phosphate
processing plant since his early twenties
(phosphate ore is combined with low-grade
uranium and emits constant low alpharadiation). He is a pack-a-day smoker and
drinks alcohol moderately. He describes himself
as a “meat and potatoes man” and likes to
barbeque. Explain the contributing factors for
Mr. Benson developing lung tumor.
Which cancers are associated with
chronic inflammation?
• A. Skin, lung, and pancreatic
• B. Colon, liver, and lung
• C. Bone, blood cells, and pancreatic
• D. Bladder, skin, and kidney
Critical thinking
• Present an argument for why one 60 year old
individual develops cancer and another 60 year
old with identical promoters does not develop
cancer.
How does chronic inflammation
cause cancer?
• A. By vasodilation and increased permeability
that alter cellular response to DNA damage.
• B. By liberating lysosomal enzymes when cells
are damaged, which initiates mutations.
• C. By releasing compounds such as reactive
oxygen species that promote mutations.
• D. By increasing the abundance of leukotrienes
that are associated with some cancers.
Inherited mutations that
predispose to cancer are almost
invariably what kind of gene?
• A. Proto-oncogenes
• B. Oncogenes
• C. Tumor suppressor genes
• D. Growth promoting genes
Resources
• Classroom Quiz on the Cell
▫ http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/classroom/quiz/
• Breast Cancer Risk Tool
▫ http://www.cancer.gov/bcrisktool/