Transcript Exam Week
Exam Week •GA.1 - explain the sources of genetic variation in sexual reproducers Level 4 Fully explains three or more sources of genetic Description variation in sexual reproducers. Level 3 Explains two sources of genetic variation in Description sexual reproducers. Meiosis Review (GA.1) • Genetic Variation – During Meiosis • Crossing-over • Independent Assortment – After Meiosis • Random Fertilization • Random Mutations •GA.3 - describe that errors can occur in fertilization resulting in offspring with a different number of chromosomes (e.g., Down Syndrome) Level 4 Description Describe how errors could occur(e.g. nondisjunction) and that those errors can result in offspring with a different number of chromosomes and the exemplifies the problems that could cause. Level 3 Description Describe that errors can occur in fertilization resulting in offspring with a different number of chromosomes and the exemplifies the problems that could cause. Meiosis Review (GA.3) • Errors in Fertilization • “Nondisjunction” – Trisomy • extra chromosome – Tetrasomy • two extra chromosomes – Monosomy • missing a chromosome • Examples – Down’s Syndrome • extra 21 chromosome – Turner Syndrome • inherited only one X chromosome; female appearance but do not mature sexually and remain infertile – Klinefelter • an extra X chromosome in males; affects physical and cognitive development • DA.4 - explain techniques used in genetic engineering (eg., stem cells research, GMO’s, forensic, cloning) and their impact on society. • Level 4 – Explains each applied genetics technique thoroughly and identifies positives and negatives of their impact on society. • Level 3 – Explains each applied genetics technique and identifies their impact on society. “Genes: They’re What’s for Dinner” (DA.4) • Genetic Engineering – the process of manually adding new DNA to an organism – goal is to add one or more new traits that are not already found in that organism Positives? Negatives? Stem Cell (DA.4) • Stem Cells – Potential to develop into many different cell types • Adult Stem Cell – Can renew itself and can differentiate to yield some or all of the major specialized cell types of the tissue or organ – Primary role is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found • Embryonic Stem Cell – From unused zygotes in in vitro fertilization clinics Positives? Negatives? Online simulation and electrophoresis DA.4 • DNA Fingerprinting – Method of isolating and identifying variable elements within the base-pair sequence of DNA – Everyone has a unique pattern of minisatellites (sequences of DNA that don’t code for anything) – Process • Sample obtained and purified • Cut with restriction enzymes • Sorted with gel electrophoresis – Uses • • • • • Pinpointing genes that cause diseases Mapping human genome Engineering new plants Paternity testing Forensics – Pros? – Cons? Cloning DA.4 • Cloning – Process used to produce genetically identical copies of an organism – Types • Natural clones (asexual reproduction, identical twins) • Gene cloning – Produces copies of genes or segments of DNA • Reproductive cloning – Produces copies of whole organisms • Therapeutic cloning – Produces embryonic stem cells for experiments aimed at creating tissues to replace injured or diseased tissues – Pros – Cons • DA.5 - explain the history of the human genome project and its ongoing importance in the field of medical research • Level 4 – Explains what is and the history of the human genome project and explain multiple uses including its importance in the field of medical research • Level 3 – Explains the human genome project and explains an example of its use. Human Genome DA.5 • Human Genome Project – What is it? – Why do we care?