Transcript Separation-Individuation: Psychological Understanding of

C1. 同性戀是天生抑或後天？
Is Homosexuality in-born?
Myths versus Reality
Robert Spitzer 性傾向改變的調查
Copyright © Melvin W. Wong, Ph.D. 1996-2003
Melvin W. Wong, Ph.D.
Licensed Clinical Psychologist
ChristianMentalHealth.com
220 Montgomery St., Suite 1098, San Francisco, CA 94104
Tel (510) 794-8898
Fax (510) 475-1473
Studies prove: homosexuals are born?
“There is no evidence at present to
substantiate a biological theory… The
appeal of current biological explanations
for sexual orientation may derive more from
a dissatisfaction with the present status of
psychosocial explanations than from a
substantiating body of experimental data.”
William Byne & Bruce Parsons, Human Sexual Orientation: The Biologic Theories
Reappraised, Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol 50, March 1993, pp 228-239
“Gay Gene” Research
D. H. Hamer et al, “A Linkage Between DNA Markers on the X-chromosome &
Male Sexual Orientation,” Science (1993), 261, np. 5119, pp.321-27
• “Research Points Toward a Gay Gene,”
Wall Street Journal, 16, July 1993
– A geneticist was quoted, “the gene…may be involved
in something other than sexual behavior. For example,
it may be that the supposed gene is ‘associated’ with
homosexuality, rather than a ‘cause’ of it.”
• New York Times “Report Suggests homosexuality
is Linked to Genes,” noted that other researchers
warned against over-interpreting the work, “or
taking it to mean anything as simplistic as that he
‘gay gene’ had been found.”
“The Personality of Genes”
J. Madeleine Nash, Time, April 27, 1998 p. 60-61
“Unlike the genes that are responsible for physical traits,
Hamer emphasizes, these genes do not cause people to
become homosexuals,”
“Still, as critics emphasize & Hamer himself acknowledges,
genes alone do not control the chemistry of the brain.
Ultimately, it is the environment that determines how these
genes will express themselves.”
“Indeed, while Hamer has maintained a professional distance from his
studies, it is impossible to believe he is not also driven by a desire for
self-discovery.” (He turned 40, ‘bored’)
“He has tried to stop smoking & failed, he confesses, dozens
of times. ‘If I quit,’ he says, ‘it will be an exercise of
character.’ and not, it goes without saying, of his genes.”
Brain Dissection Studies: Dr. Simon LeVay
LeVay, S., " A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure Between
Heterosexual & Homosexual Men," Science, 253:1034-1037, 1991
Neurobiologist & homosexual activist, he studied 41 cadavers
He focused on a tiny region of the hypothalamus, a part of the
brain that regulates body temperature, blood pressure,
pulse rate & hormone production. It is also "the chief
coordinator of instinct & drives," including sex drive.
INAH-3 (the third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus), no bigger than a grain of sand. Speculating that
the INAH-3 controls sexual orientation, he compared the
brains of 19 homosexuals with those of 16 "presumed
heterosexual men" & 6 "presumed heterosexual" women
INAH-3 region in females & homosexuals tended to be only
half the size of that in heterosexuals
“Twin Study”
Bailey, J. M. & Pillard, R. C., "A Genetic Study of Male Sexual
Orientation." Archives of General Psychiatry, 48:1089-1096, 1991
• Professors at North-Western & Boston Universities
• Recruited 161 bisexual or homosexual men
with at least one male sibling & then
interviewed them to see how many brothers
were also homosexual
• Found 52% of identical twins were both
homosexuals, compared with only 22% of
fraternal twins & 11% of adoptive brothers
Sexual Orientation & Identical Twins
Tim Wilkins, The Cross Examiner, March 1998
Questionable subject recruitment method: ad in homosexual
magazines; concordant (both homosexual) twins respond
more than discordant (1 homosexual, other not) twins.
Alleged claim: Non-responding twin was homosexual.
Same-sex Twin Sexual Experimentation: King & McDonald
“Homosexuals Who are Twins: A study of 46 Probands”
British Journal of Psychiatry, 1992. 1/5 same-sex twins
had sex with one another. Same room, same bed.
100% Genetic Similarity = 100% Incidence Rate: Identical
twins share identical genetic material, when 1 twin is
homosexual, the other twin should always be homosexual
Problems: Genetic Studies on Homosexuality
• Too Small Sample Size
• Biased Subject Selection (Randomization problem)
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Lack of a Control Group
Correlation does not mean causation
Flawed comparison of disparate features
Exaggeration of findings
Ideologically influenced designs & reporting
– Statistically significant correlation not “Cause”
• Unable to Replicate Findings in other studies
200 Subjects Who Claim to Have
Changed Their Sexual Orientation
from Homosexual to Heterosexual
Robert L. Spitzer, M.D.
Chief, Biometrics Research and
Professor of Psychiatry, Columbia University
1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 60, NYS Psychiatric Institute
New York, NY 10032
(Presented at the APA: American Psychiatric Association
Meeting: May 9, 2001, New Orleans, U.S.A.)
Sexual Attraction Scale Mean
(100 = same sex, 0 = opposite sex)
100%
80%
Male
Female
60%
40%
20%
0%
BEFORE
AFTER
Exclusively Homosexual BEFORE
Exclusively Heterosexual AFTER
55%
60%
42% 46%
Male
Female
40%
17%
20%
0%
BEFORE: Exclusively
Homosexual
AFTER: Exclusively
Heterosexual
Three Variables in the 56 Subjects Having Regular
Heterosexual Sex Both BEFORE and AFTER
100%
98%
100%
80%
52%
60%
40%
25%
Before
After
43%
6%
20%
0%
Satisfying
emotional
relationship
(7+ on 1-10
scale)
Sex
physically
satisfying
(7+ on 1-10
scale)
Often
(20+%
during sex
think of
same sex)
“Markedly” or “Extremely”
Bothered by Depression
80%
60%
43% 47%
Male
Female
40%
20%
1%
4%
0%
BEFORE
AFTER
Change effort was “Very Helpful”
in…
…feeling more [masculine,
feminine]
…developing nonsexual
relations with same sex
87%
93%