Transcript CHROMOSOMES
Knowing When to Stop Suppose you had a paper cut on your finger. Although the cut may have bled and stung a little, after a few days, it will have disappeared, and your finger would be as good as new. 1. How do you think the body repairs an injury, such as a cut on a finger? The cut is repaired by the production of new cells through cell division. 2. How long do you think this repair process continues? Cell division continues until the cut is repaired. 3. What do you think causes the cells to stop the repair process? Students will likely say that when the cut is filled in, there is no room for more cells to grow. REGULATING the CELL CYCLE (8-3) http://www.travel-net.com/~andrews/images/animations/traffic.gif Section Outline Section 10-3 Regulating the Cell Cycle A. Controls on Cell Division B. Cell Cycle Regulators 1. Internal Regulators 2. External Regulators C. Uncontrolled Cell Growth Go to Section: Control of Cell Division Section 10-3 If center cells are removed, cells near the space will start to grow again. Cells grow until they touch other cells Go to Section: SHOWS: Cell division genes can be turned on and off CELL DIVISION GENES EXAMPLE: Cell division genes can be turned on in case of injury. ________ Cells near injury are stimulated to divide to heal and replace damaged/missing cells and shut off when the repair has been made. CELL DIVISION GENES Some cells divide frequently (some human skin cells divide once/hour) Some cells divide occasionally (liver cells divide about once/year) Some cells don’t divide once they form (nerve cells) CELL CYCLE REGULATORS In early 1980’s scientists discovered a protein in dividing cells that caused a Mitotic spindle ______________to form in NON-dividing _______________ cells Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall CELL CYCLE REGULATORS Levels of this protein rose and fell with the cell cycle so it was named __________ CYCLIN because it seemed to control the cell cycle. A whole family of CYCLINS have since been discovered that regulate the TIMING of CELL CYCLE _____________________ in EUKARYOTIC CELLS Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall OTHER REGULATORS INTERNAL ______________ REGULATORS Proteins that respond to events inside the cell. Allow cell cycle to proceed only if certain processes have happened EX: Cell can’t enter mitosis until all the chromosomes have been copied OTHER REGULATORS EXTERNAL ______________ REGULATORS Proteins that respond to events outside the cell. Signals tell cell to speed up or slow down the cell cycle EX: Growth factors stimulate cells to divide Especially important during wound healing and embryo development http://www.suite101.com/files/topics/6234/files/tail_HumanTail.gif EXTERNAL REGULATORS Molecules on the surface of neighboring cells act as signals to slow down or stop the cell’s cycle. These signals prevent excessive growth and keep tissues from disrupting each other. Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Cancer cells have lost control of their cell division genes SEM Image by: Riedell CHO (Chinese Hamster Ovary) cells in culture NO CONTACT INHIBITION Cancer cells don’t stop when they touch nearby cells. . . they just keep growing! That’s what makes a tumor. http://www.exn.ca/news/images/2000/08/02/20000802-cancer.jpg Cancer cells • Don’t stop dividing • Like a “car with no brakes” • Can spread to new places (METASTASIS) • ______________ Carcinogens are substances that can damage DNA and cause cancer Ex: Cigarette smoke (OR CHEW), Radiation, chemicals in environment, even viruses, http://www.dfci.harvard.edu/abo/news/publications/pop/fall-winter-2004/images/metastasis_1.jpg Cancer cells Cancer is complicated and can have many causes, but all cancers have one thing in common . . .… They have lost control over their _____________. CELL CYCLE Many cancers cells have a damaged or defective gene called p53 _____, so they can’t respond to normal cell signals to control their growth. ANTI-SMOKING commercial