Transcript Mendel Discovers “Genes” 9-1

Exploring Mendelian
Genetics
11-3
http://www.eslkidstuff.com/images/tallshort.gif
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm
GENES are more complicated
than Mendel thought
ENVIRONMENT influences the
____________________________
________________________.
expression of genes
“Nature vs Nurture”
= ________________________
provide the plan
Genes ________
______ for
development, but how plan unfolds also
depends on ______________conditions.
environmental
_______
GENES are more complicated
than Mendel thought
Some traits have
choices
____________
MORE than 2 allele __________
MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT
= ____________________
EX: blood type
B ___
O
A ___
Allele choices ___
GENES are more complicated
than MENDEL thought
Some traits are determined by
____________________________
MORE THAN ONE GENE
POLYGENIC TRAIT
= __________________
EX: human height.
intelligence,
skin & eye color
http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG
GENES are more complicated
than MENDEL thought
Traits determined by ____________
MORE than
ONE
gene have _____
_________
many
“___________”
in-between phenotypes
There aren’t just SMART people
and DUMB people….
there is a ________________
whole range
of intelligences in-between
http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm
GENES are more complicated
than MENDEL thought
KINDS OF DOMINANCE
____________________
COMPLETE DOMINANCE
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
____________________
CO-DOMINANCE
____________________
COMPLETE DOMINANCE
Dominant allele _______
masks
__________
the ___________
recessive one
PATTERN ?
Recessive allele
____________
________
returns
in a _____ratio
in the
3:1
____
F2 generation
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
DON’T
SEE expected
__________
_____
3:1 ratio in
F2 generation
Heterozygous organisms with one
_____________
dominant and one recessive allele
show a _________
BLENDED in-between trait
Image modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html
CO-DOMINANCE
BOTH traits are expressed at ___________
_______
SAME TIME
(_____________________)
in heterozygote
NO BLENDING
ROAN
A ________HORSE
has
______________
BOTH RED hair
and __________
WHITE hair
side by side
CO-DOMINANCE
Both traits are expressed together
(NO BLENDING) in heterozygote
Persons with an A allele
AND a B allele have
blood type AB
REMEMBER
Membrane proteins with
_______
sugars attached that
help cells recognize self
= ______________
GLYCOPROTEINS
http://www.mannanw.com/super-sugars.htm
BLOOD TYPES
have more than 2 allele choices
MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT
= _________________________
The pattern of sugars that is
attached is determined by genes
Allele choices are:
A
B
O
_____
____
____
BLOOD TYPES
An A allele tells
the cell to put
“A” glycoproteins
on its surface
BLOOD TYPES
A B allele tells
the cell to put a
different “B”
glycoprotein
on its surface
BLOOD TYPES
An O allele tells
the cell NOT to put
anything on the
surface
A and B are CO-DOMINANT
A cell with
BOTH an
A and a B allele
has BOTH
“A” and “B”
glycoproteins on its
surface
BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES
GENOTYPE
AA
AO
BB
BO
OO
AB
PHENOTYPE
(BLOOD TYPE)
A
A
B
B
O
AB
DONOR
BLOOD
A and AB see A
as “like me”
Body images modified from:
http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
B and O see A
as Different!
IMMUNE SYSTEM
ATTACKS!
DONOR
BLOOD
B and AB see B
as “like me”
Body images modified from:
http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
A and O see B
as Different!
IMMUNE SYSTEM
ATTACKS!
DONOR
BLOOD
O can donate to
____
EVERY BLOOD TYPE
= _____________________
UNIVERSAL DONOR
Nothing on surface to
recognize as “NOT SELF”
YOU DON’T HAVE
ANYTHING I DON’T
HAVE!
Body images modified from:
http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
DONOR
BLOOD
Only AB sees AB
as “like me”
Body images modified from:
http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
A, B, and O see
AB as Different!
IMMUNE SYSTEM
ATTACKS!
AB can only GIVE to AB
BUT . . .
AB can RECEIVE FROM
______
EVERY BLOOD TYPE
= ________________________
UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT
Body image modified from:
http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY
IN USA
A
B
AB
O
40%
10%
4%
46%
http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/BldTyping.html
ABO SYSTEM is NOT
THE ONLY ONE
+
Rh
Rh
OTHER BLOOD TYPES
____________________
IF:
NO PROBLEMS
Rh+
MOM is _____
& BABY is _____
Rh+
Image modified from:
http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif
MOM is _____
Rh+
& BABY is ____
Rh-
PROBLEM IF:
Can be a ___________
Mom is _____
Rh-
Baby is _____
Rh+
1st baby OK but few baby cells
entering mom’s bloodstream
put mom’s immune system on
alert for + cells.
Next + baby, mom’s immune
system can attack baby as it is
growing
Mom given shot after 1st birth
prevents this
Image modified from:
http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif
DIHYBRID CROSSES
(2
traits)
http://mac122.icu.ac.jp/BIOBK/BioBookgenintro.html
Mendel also asked the question?
Does the gene that determines if a seed
is round or wrinkled have anything to
do with the gene for seed shape?
Must a seed that is yellow
also be round?
MAKING A CROSS with
TWO gene traits
___________________=
DIHYBRID
CROSS
____________________
A Punnett square for
a DIHYBRID
CROSS looks like
this:
Figure 11-10 Independent Assortment in Peas
Section 11-3
Go to
Section:
LET’S MAKE A DIHYBRID CROSS
HOMOZYGOUS
YELLOW ROUND
RRYY
HOMOZYGOUS
GREEN WRINKLED
rryy
1. Figure
___________
are
out what _________________
parent alleles
2. Choose
________correct__________
Punnett square __________
size
3. Put
______
in possible_______________________
parent gametes
4. Fill
______
in boxes with _____________________
offspring combinations
5. Determine ____________of_____________&
probabilities phenotypes
____________
genotypes
LAW OF
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
__________________________
the factors are distributed to gametes
independently of other factors
Image modified from:
http://anthro.palomar.edu/mendel/mendel_1.htm
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES
WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES
THIS PARENT CAN MAKE?
HOMOZYGOUS
ROUND YELLOW
Each gamete should
get one of each kind
of gene
R RYY
R
Y
R
Y
RY
___________ ____________ _____________
RY
_____________
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES
WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES
THIS PARENT CAN MAKE?
HOMOZYGOUS
WRINKLED GREEN
Each gamete should
get one of each kind
of gene
rryy
r
y
r
y
ry
___________ ____________ _____________
ry
_____________
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES
WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES
THIS PARENT CAN MAKE?
HETEROZYGOUS
ROUND YELLOW
Each gamete should
get one of each kind
of gene
RrYy
R
Y
r
y
rY
___________ ____________ _____________
Ry
_____________
ry
ry
ry
ry
RY
RrYy
RrYy
RrYy
RrYy
RY
RrYy RrYy
RrYy
RrYy
RY
RrYy
RrYy
RrYy
RrYy
RY
RrYy
RrYy
RrYy
RrYy
RrYy genotype
100% of offspring = _______
ROUND YELLOW phenotype
_______________________
MAKE ANOTHER CROSS
HETEROZYGOUS
ROUND YELLOW
RrYy
X
HETEROZYGOUS
ROUND YELLOW
RrYy
POSSIBLE PARENT GAMETES?
RY
ry
rY
Ry
RY
Ry
rY
ry
RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy
____
9 Round &
Yellow
Ry
RRYy
3 Round &
____
green
rY
RrYY RrYy
RY
ry
RrYy
RRyy
Rryy
RrYy
Rryy
rrYY rrYy
3 Wrinkled
____
& yellow
rrYy
1 wrinkled
____
& green
rryy
heterozygous dihybrid cross is a
Sign of a ______________________
_____________
9:3:3:1 ratio in offspring.
____
9 ____________
dominant TRAIT 1 ; ____________
dominant TRAIT 2
3 ____________
dominant TRAIT 1; _____________
recessive
____
TRAIT 2
____
TRAIT 2
recessive TRAIT 1; _____________
dominant
3 ____________
____
TRAIT 2
1 ____________
recessive TRAIT 1; _____________
recessive
9:3:3:1
__________ratio
is a clue that it’s a
____________________________cross
HETEROZYGOUS TWO gene
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES
for DIHYBRID CROSSES
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html
What are the possible gametes?


RRTT
pure round & pure tall = __________
____
R T ____
R T _____
R T ______
RT
What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes?
TtRR
= __________


Heterozygous Tall
& pure round
____
T R ____
t R _____
t R ______
TR
What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes?
Ttrr
= __________


Hybrid tall
& pure wrinkled
____
T r ____
t r _____
t r ______
Tr
What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes?
tRr
=T
__________


Heterozygous tall
& hybrid round
____
T R ____
t r _____
t R ______
Tr
What gametes can it produce?
SOUTH DAKOTA
CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE:
Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular
functions and processes to specialized
structures within cells.
Storage and transfer of genetic information
Core High School Life Science
Performance Descriptors
High school students
performing at the
ADVANCED level:
predict how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring
High school students
performing at the
PROFICIENT level:
explain how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring;
High school students
performing at the
BASIC level
identify that genetic traits can be transmitted from parents to
offspring;
SOUTH DAKOTA
ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE:
Indicator 2: Analyze various patterns and
products of natural and induced biological
change.
9-12.L.2.1A. Students are able to predict the
results of complex inheritance patterns involving
multiple alleles and genes. (SYNTHESIS)
Examples: human skin color, polygenic inheritance