Transcript スライド 1 - The East Asia Plant Variety Protection Forum

UPOV and PVP System Awareness Razing Seminar
Phnom Penh, Cambodia, February 24, 2012
Plant Variety
- Essential for Development of Agriculture -
Dr. Mutsuo Iwamoto
Chairman
Japan Association for Techno-innovation in
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
（JATAFF）
Key technologies contributing to the
increase in agricultural productivity
• Plant Variety
• Irrigation System
• Machinery
• Fertilizer
• Chemical
Rice
-The Highest Potential of Productivity in Crops-
plaughing
levelling
transplanting
sowing
nursery preparation
harvesting
Working hours :
200 hrs/ ha
drying & storage
Productivity :
Yield : 6 ton/ha
Seeds necessary : 30 kg/ha
= 200 times
Plant variety breeding
－Definition・Objectives・Methods－
Definition
Plant breeding is an art and science which deals with changing genotypes
of the plants, to adapt them to the service of human being.
Objectives
Methods
・High yields
・Improving crop quality
・Disease resistance
・Insect or pest resistance
・Changing plant figures
・Changing maturity duration
・Non-shattering characteristics
・Uniformity in product
・Changing dormancy character
・Salt Tolerance
・Cold tolerance
・Drought or moisture stress tolerance
・Eliminating toxic substances ・・
・Plant introduction method
・Pure line selection method
・Mass selection method
・Pedigree method
・Bulk method
・Back cross method
・Modification of bulk method
・Hybridization
・Recurrent selection
・Clonal breeding
・Mutation breeding
・Composite variety production
・Synthetic variety production・・
New era of plant breeding
• High-throughput sequencing and genotyping techniques
developed during the last decade opened a new era of
genome based breeding for new plant varieties to be
developed more efficiently and definitely.
• One of typical examples is expanding commercialization
of biotech-plants （GMO:genetically modified organisms）
• Another promising application of genome-based
breeding is to make it easier to discover target genes in
genetic resources either in the genebank or on the farm
and even wild species in the field.
Plant genetic resources become an essential issue
with intellectual property protection for new plant varieties
PVP （Pplant Variety Protection）
Success story in breeding （１）
70 years were necessary for rice producing area to reach to the
northern most in “Hokkaidou”, and another 50 years were necessary
to breed rice variety 「Kirara397」having more favorable taste, having
become the biggest rice producing area in Japan.
latitude:N43°
Sapporo
Before 1860
1870s 「Akage」
1890s : 「Bouzu」
1910s : 「Hashiribouzu」
1940s : 「Nourin No.11」
+
1990s : 「Kirara397」
（Matsuo）
Success story in breeding （２）
Green revolution with Miracle Rice : IR8 （1966）
・
・
・
・
Indonesia : Peta + Taiwan : Dee-Geo-Woo-Gen
dwarf and strong stem : >150 cm
120 cm
higher productivity : 2 ton/ha
9.5 ～ 10.5 ton/ha
shorter maturation period : 160 -170 days
130 days
“Miracle Rice” finding proves we
can never stop rice breeding”
（IRRI）
Success story in breeding （３）
In 2010, Aichi Agricultural Research Center succeeded
in breeding a highly potential variety against rice blast
with introduction of a germplasm from Yunna’s rice in
China to domestic rice.
Newly Developed
variety
Conventional
variety
Success story in breeding （４）
）
Flood Tolerant Rice：Swarna-Sub1
IRRI discovered in 1978 a gene that they called Sub1 gene in rice varieties in Orissa
and Sri Lanka. This gene enables rice to survive and more importantly recover after
flooding. IRRI has worked to transffered the Sub 1 gene to Swarna which is a popular
rice variety in India and selected a high potential flood tolerant Swarna with a markerassisted backcrossing selection method. Swarna with Sub 1 yields is twice that of
Swarna without Sub 1 with about 15 days of submergence. Swarna-Sub1 was released
in August 2009 and has just be started dissemination in India and Bangladesh, showing
appreciable results.
（IRRI）
（IRRI）
Success story in breeding （５）
NERICA （New Rice for Africa）
NERICA is a rice variety originally developed by
scientists of the West Africa Rice Development
Association (WARDA) since early 1990s, using
conventional and molecular biology techniques to
combine characteristics of Asian rice, Oryza sativa
and African rice, Oryza glaberrima.
NERICA has much advantages in terms of
productivity, high protein, drought and pest
tolerance, with even little irrigation and fertilizer.
O. Glaberrima
（farther）
O. Sativa
（mother）
×
high yield, but
less tolerant of
African environment
NERICA is typical proof of importance of widening
biodiversity in germplasm for breeding strategy.
Progency
=
highly tolerant
of African environment , but
prone to loadging
and shatterig
On the other hand, there are negative opinions
that NERICA is not easy to be widely adapted in
small farmers, particularly, due to the condition of
existence of traditional seed system.
This is why WARDA adopted “Farmer Participatory
Seed Selection System” even in the beginning
stage of breeding program to encourage NERICA
to be disseminated quickly as possible.
Japan supports the international project dubbed
“CARD” , Coalition for African Rice Development,
to expect African rice production from 14 million
tons to 28 million tons by 2017.
NERICA 1
NERICA 4
NERICA 10
Long history of Japan’s contribution for
developing nations to establish Genebank
Japan made a great effort for a long time to support developing
nations through JICA and other frameworks to establish Genebanks
for preservation of genetic resources and follow up their management
including capacity building of experties as well as conducting
collaboration research for collecting and characterizing of newly
surveyed genetic resources in corporation with research institutions
and universities.
Country
Project
Plant
China
Japan and China Joint Program for Rice
Breeding using a wide diversity of genetic
resources in Yunnan Province
Rice
Term
1982-1997
Project for the Establishment of the Seed
Bank
Rice and Legumes
Horticultural crops
Myanmar
Project for the Establishment of the Seed
Bank
Rice & Legumes
1990/ 1997-2005
Pakistan
Pakistan Plant Genetic Resource
preservation and research Laboratory
Wheat and Legumes
Horticultural crops
1993-1996
2001-2003
SriLanka
1987-1992
Comparison of Asia to other regions
in terms of climate, farming system
as well as biodiversity
Region
Climate
North America
continental
climate
Europe
marine
west coast
climate
Asia
monsoon
Agriculture
Scale
Crops
large
monoculture
medium
small
mixture
based on
upland crops
mixture
based on paddy
rice）
Biodiversity
small
medium
large
GRiSP : The Global Rice Science Partnership
The GRiSP, an initiative of the Consultative Group on
International Agricultural Research （CGIAR）,
represents for the first time ever, a single strategic
and work plan for global rice research and how it can
contribute more effectively to solving development
challenges. GRiSP was launched in November 2010.
IRRI leads the GRiSP together with other two CGIAR
centers, CIAT and AfricaRice, with more than 900 rice
research and development partners worldwide to:
• Increase rice productivity and value for the poor
• Foster more sustainable rice-based production
• Help rice farmers adapt to climate change
• Improve the efficiency and equity of the rice sector
As for Cambodia, three ministers associated with
agriculture and water development are involving in the
GRiSP
Conclusion
Treasure box of genetic resources
+
Many opportunities for highly potential research institutes
in Asia to closely collaborate together
・NARS (advanced and developing countries)
・International Research Institutes
（IRRI, ICRISAT, CIFOR, ICARDA, AVRDC）
+
Plant Variety Protection （PVP）
Asia should grow to be the heart of breeding plant
variety in the world
East Asian PVP Forum
Thank you so much !
Ubasute rice terrace field in winter, Nagano