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Bi-language course ANIMAL GENETICS (动物遗传学) Lecturers: Jiang Yunliang（姜运良） Shi kerong （师科荣） Tel: 13853863180 Tel：18205487785 [email protected] [email protected] Textbook and Reference Books Instant Notes in GENETICS. Eds: P. C. Winter, G.I. Hichey and H.L. Fletcher, ©BIOS Scientific Publishers Limited, 1998 （Now, the 2nd edition and Chinese edition） Essentials of Genetics, Fourth Edition [i'diʃən]. Eds: William S. Klug and Michael R. Cummings, Pearson Education,2002 动物遗传学，吴常信主编，2009年，高等教育出版社 Examination and Score Final score=30% class practice/attendance +70% final examination High score is not the purpose, but for LIFE understanding (yourself), and true knowledge . Class hours: 45 Credit: 2.5 What is Genetics? Genetics (a word from Ancient Greek), a discipline of biology, is the science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. Genetics deals with the molecular structure and function of genes, gene behavior in context of a cell or organism (e.g. dominance and epigenetics), patterns of inheritance from parents to offsprings, and gene distribution, variation and change in populations. Genes are universal to living organisms, genetics can be applied to the study of all living systems, from viruses and bacteria, through plants and domestic animals, to humans (as in medical genetics). Intruduction Genetics has a long history… Relief carving depicting artificial pollination (sexual reproduction, basis of cross) of date palms (800 B.C ). Aristotle describes the animals Alexander has sent him: domestication of wild animals, the start of livestock husbandry. Humans first applied genetics to the domestication of plants and animals between approximately 10,000 and 12,000 years ago. This domestication led to the development of agriculture and fixed human settlements. The Dawn of Modern Biology ----The theory of epigenesis（渐成说、 后成说） William Harvey(1578-1657) [pæn’dʒenisis] （泛生论） （后成说） The homunculus: A myth Well into the nineteenth century, many prominent microscopists believed they saw a fully formed, miniatured fetus crouched within the head of a sperm. Charles Darwin and Evolution On the Origin of Species 物种起源 Variations in Animals and Plants under Domestication （Inheritable variation） Weismann and his “germplasm theory” germ plasm and somatoplasm 种质连续论：种质是世代连续不绝的； The Law of Segregation 分离定律 The Law of Independent Assortment 自由组合定律 Rediscovery of Mendel theory [mai‘əusis]减数分裂 Cytogenetics period ”cytogenetics” period（1900—1939） Morgan and his student： The Law of Linkage and Cross Molecualr Genetics (1953- ) Double helix structure of DNA The central dogma: Depiction of gene expression involving transcription of DNA into mRNA and the translation of mRNA on a ribosome into a protein. Gene-mRNA-protein Genotype----Phenotype After translation, polypeptides usually are modified to be functional: Depiction of three steps leading to formation of a protein. Genetics Today 1. –ome and -omics ears: genome and genomics, transcriptome, proteome and proteomics,… 2. High throughout: DNA microarray, SNP chips, transcript chips 3. Genome-wide association study and Genome-wide selection 4. Epigenetics, epigenome 5. ……. Escherichia coli Fruit fly （ Drosophila） Yeast Elegant Mouse Arabidopsis Rice Chick Pea Pig So: the development of Aniaml Genetics is a process: • From integral level to cellular level and to molecular level; • From macroscopic view to microcosmic view; • From chromosome level to gene level; • Step-by-step towards the structure and function of genetic materials. Modern Genetics got >30 subdisciplines 细胞遗传学 发育遗传学 辐射遗传学 遗传工程 …… 数量遗传学 进化遗传学 医学遗传学 生物信息学 生统遗传学 微生物遗传学 分子遗传学 基因组学 • Cytogenetics – e.g. human karyotype • Molecular genetics Visualization of DNA fragments under ultraviolet light. The bands were produced using recombinant DNA technology • Popupation genetics Genetic variation exhibited in the skin of corn snakes. The wild type (normal) variety displays orange and black markings. Application of Genetics benefits for human beings Animal Genetics is the basis of Animal Breeding. Genetics used for breeding Triticale (黑小麦）, a hybrid grain derived from wheat and rye (黑 麦), produced as a result of applied genetic breeding experiments. High protein percentage and High yield. “ Golden ” rice and regular rice Animal breeding: application of quantitative genetics Chicken breeding: broilers and egg-laying lines Cattle breeding: beef cattle and cow breeds Sheep breeding: wool and meat Goat breeding: meat and milk Pets breeding: coat color/length, head shape,… …… Animal biotechnology Dolly, a Finn Dorset sheep cloned from the genetic material of an adult mammary cell, shown next to her first-born lamb, Bonnie. “Pharm” animals These transgenic sheep make human proteins that is secreted in their milk! They could make hormones, blood-clotting factors, or insulin…. Genetics and diseases • • • • • Tumors and heredity Gene and longevity Gene and Drugs Gene diagnoses and gene therapy Organ transfer and tissue engineering 讲解内容对应于《动物遗传学》 （吴常信主编）的顺序 • • • • • 绪论、第一章、第五章、第二章、第七章 第三章、第四章 第九章、第十章 第六章 第八章、第十一章、第十二章