Transcript Document

EOC Review
Chapter 11
What is genetics?
The scientific
study of
heredity
Question: What is
Heredity?
Answer:
The passing of characteristics or traits
from parents to offspring…
Examples of traits: hair color
eye color
presence of freckles
height
Gregor Mendel
.
Became a monk at a
monastery in 1843.
Taught biology and
had interests in
statistics.
Also studied at the
University of Vienna
Mendel continued
After returning to the
monastery he
continued to teach
and worked in the
garden.
Between 1856 and
1863 he grew and
tested over 28,000
pea plants
Mendel’s Peas
Easy to grow.
Easily identifiable traits
Can work with large numbers of
samples
Question: Why did
Mendel use peas?
Answer:
They were ‘true breeding’ meaning they
were self pollinating reproducing
asexually…
Mendel’s experiments
The first thing Mendel did was create a
“pure” generation or true-breeding
generation.
He made sure that certain pea plants
were only able to self pollinate,
eliminating unwanted traits.
He did this by cutting away the stamen,
or male part of each flower
Genes and dominance
Trait : a characteristic
Mendel studied seven of these traits
After Mendel ensured that his truebreeding generation was pure, he then
crossed plants showing contrasting
traits.
He called the offspring the F1
generation or first filial.
What will happen when pure
yellow peas are crossed with
pure green peas?
All of the
offspring were
yellow.
Hybrids = the
offspring of
crosses between
parents with
contrasting traits
What did Mendel
conclude?
Inheritance is determined by factors
passed on from one generation to
another.
Mendel knew nothing about
chromosomes, genes, or DNA. Why?
These terms hadn’t yet been defined.
Know: Hybrids = Heterozygous
What were Mendel’s
“factors”
The ‘factors” that Mendel mentioned
were the genes.
Each gene has different forms called
alleles
Mendel’s second principle stated that
some alleles are dominant and some
are recessive.
Question: Distinguish
traits from alleles…
Answer:
Traits are categories: height, weight,
eye color, hair type
Alleles are within categories: tall, fat,
blue eyes, wavy hair…
***So alleles are specific descriptions of
traits: KNOW THIS!!!
Mendel’s second cross
He allowed the F1 generation to selfpollinate thus producing the F2
generation.
Did the recessive allele completely
disappear?
What happened when he crossed two
yellow pea hybrid (F1) plants?
Results:
¾ of the peas were yellow, ¼ of
the peas were green.
So this could be written as 3 out of 4, or
75% and 25%...
Probability
The likelihood of a particular event occurring.
A random Chance…
Can be expressed as a fraction or a percent.
***Example: coin flip The chance of
rolling a 2 on the 1st roll is 1 out of 2, ½
or 50%...
Punnett Square
Developed by
Reginald Punnett.
A diagram used to
show the probability
or chances of a
certain trait being
passed from one
generation to
another.
Reading Punnett
squares
Gametes are placed above and to the
left of the square
Offspring are placed in the square.
Capital letters (Y) represent dominant
alleles.
Lower case letters (y) represent
recessive alleles.
Punnett square example
What percent is
yellow…Green?
Make a ratio of
yellow to
green??
Hint: Any capital
letter expresses
the traitdominant
Homozygous = when an organism
possesses two identical alleles. ex.

YY or yy
Heterozygous = when an organism
possesses different alleles. ex.

Yy
Phenotype vs genotype
Genotype
 The genetic makeup
 Symbolized with
letters
 Tt or TT
Phenotype
Physical
appearance of the
organism
Expression of the
trait
Short, tall, yellow,
smooth, etc.
Punnett square review:
Independent Assortment
The two factor cross. Example: color
and shape of peas.
F1 cross to produce the F2 generation
Ex RRYY x rryy
Round yellow mated with wrinkled green
• Offspring would all be hybrid for both
traits (RrYy)
The dihybrid cross
Punnett square on board:
Some exceptions to
Mendel’s principles:
Some alleles are neither
dominant nor recessive.
Many traits are controlled by
more than one gene (polygenic
traits)
Incomplete dominance
A situation in which neither allele is
dominant.
When both alleles are present a “new”
phenotype appears that is a blend of
each allele.
Alleles will be represented by capital
letters only.
Japanese four-o-clock
flowers
Red flower plant genotype = RR
White flower plant genotype = WW
Pink flower plant genotype = RW
What happens when a
red flower is crossed
with a white flower?
According to
Mendel either
some white and
some red or all
offspring either
red or white.
All are pink
Codominance
When two alleles both appear in the
phenotype.
Usually signified using superscripts.
example: color of hair coat in cattle.
crcr = red hairs
cwcw = white hairs
crcw = roan coat (mixture of both colors)
Roan cattle inheritance
Multiple allele
inheritance
When two or more alleles contribute to
the phenotype.
Human blood types: A,B,O and AB
A and B are codominant to each other.
Both A and B are dominant over O.
Human Blood types:
TYPE A
Allele = IA
Blood cells
have small
antigens on the
surface.
TYPE B
Allele = IB
Cells coated
with type B
antigens
TYPE AB
genotype = IAIB
Blood cells
contain both
types of antigens
Known as
universal recipient
TYPE O
Allele = i
No antigens on
the surface of
the blood cells
Known as
universal donor
6 different genotypes:
Must draw several
punnett squares
IAIA
IAIB
IBIB
IBi
IAi
ii
Type A
Type AB
Type B
Type B
Type A
Type O
How common are the
different blood types?
Rh factor
Studied from Rhesus monkey…
ONLY IMPORTANT DURING
FEMALE’S SECOND CHILD!
Rh +, Rh-
Sample Problem:
A man with type AB blood
marries a woman with type B
blood blood. Can they have a
child with type A blood? Type
AB?
Hint: must do 2 punnett squares
Answer:
Yes AB
Yes B
25% A
0% O
Polygenic traits
Traits controlled by two or more
genes.
Examples:
 Human height,
eye and skin
color
END OF GENETICS
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