Lab Review 7-12
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Transcript Lab Review 7-12
Lab Review 7-12
When does the fun begin?
Lab 7 – Genetics!!!
If we were to cross flies:
What would the parent generation consist of ?
Homozygous Dominant + Homozygous Recessive
Red eyes + Sepia eyes
What would the F1 generation look like?
ALL Heterozygotes
ALL Red eyes
In F2, what would the ratio be ?
Phenotypes ?
3:1
(Red : Sepia)
Genotypes ?
1 : 2 : 1 (HD : Het : HR)
Chi-Squared Analysis
Tells us whether the actual results are really different
than the expected results
If the chi-squared value > critical value, then the results
are considered DIFFERENT than the expected values
DIFFERENT = LINKED genes
Typically sex-linked or X-linked
Lab 8 – Hardy-Weinberg
Remember the Teddy Bears??
Conditions for HW Equilibrium
1. A large breeding population
2. Random mating
3. No change in allelic frequency due to mutation
4. No immigration or emigration
5. No natural selection
p = the frequency of the dominant allele
q = the frequency of the recessive allele
For a population in genetic equilibrium:
p + q = 1.0
(p + q)2 = 1
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
The three terms of this binomial expansion indicate the
frequencies of the three genotypes:
p2 = frequency of AA (homozygous dominant)
2pq = frequency of Aa (heterozygous)
q2 = frequency of aa (homozygous recessive)
Complete Lab-Quiz
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbe
nch/lab8/quiz.html
Lab 9 - Transpiration
Remember this Lab?
Remember Transpiration??
Hydrogen Bonding
Cohesion
Adhesion
Water Potential
Water: HIGH Potential LOW Potential
Highest Water Potential = 0
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbe
nch/lab9/test.html
Stomata
Stoma – hole that allows CO2 in or O2 out
Guard cells – open or close stoma (plural = stomata)
Q: How are stomata related to transpiration?
A: Source of the transpirational pull
Factors affecting Transpiration
Light (increases / decreases) transpiration ?
INCREASES – stomata open transpiration
Humid environment (inc. /dec.) transpiration ?
DECREASES – more water = higher water potential
Windy (increase / decrease) transpiration ?
INCREASE – less water = lower water potential
Hot vs warm: which will increase transpiration ?
HOT – increase temp = more evaporation
Lab 10 – Cardiovascularity?
Blood Pressure
Systolic – BP when heart (ventricles) has contracted
Diastolic – BP when heart (ventricles) is relaxed
Sphygmomanometer – measures blood pressure
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbe
nch/lab10/quiz1.html
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbe
nch/lab10/quiz2.html?radio1=d&radio2=b&radio3=b&ra
dio4=b&x=53&y=3
Lab 11 – Animal Behavior
Isopods
Fruit fly mating behavior
Pillbug Behavior
Moar Quiz!!
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbe
nch/lab11/quiz.html
Lab 12 – Dissolved Oxygen
A dude left his fish tank on
top of his radiator
He saw plenty of bubbles,
so he thought the situation
was good for his fish
Why did his fish perish?
Factors that affect dissolved oxygen in water
Temperature: As water becomes warmer, its ability to hold
oxygen decreases.
Photosynthetic activity: In bright light, aquatic plants are
able to produce more oxygen.
Decomposition activity: As organic material decays, microbial
processes consume oxygen.
Mixing and turbulence: Wave action, waterfalls, and rapids all
aerate water and increase the oxygen concentration.
Salinity: As water becomes more salty, its ability to hold
oxygen decreases.
Productivity
Rate of photosynthetic activity
Rate of production of organic compounds in an
ecosystem
Gross Productivity – Photosynthetic production of
organic compounds in an ecosystem
Net Productivity – organic material that remain after
some has been used for cellular respiration
Productivity Equation
NET Productivity = GROSS Productivity – Respiration
What is the Photosynthesis Equation ?
CO2 + H2O + Energy Sugar + O2
How do we measure productivity?
Oxygen Gas concentration
When light, O2 is PRODUCED by PHOTOSYNTHESIS
O2 is CONSUMED BY RESPIRATION
When dark, O2 is CONSUMED by RESPIRATION ONLY
Calculating Productivity
Light D.O. – Dissolved
O2 after 24 hours with
exposure to light
Photosynthesis +
Respiration
Dark D.O. – after 24
hours with no light
Respiration ONLY
Initial D.O. – before the
experiment begins
Baseline value of D.O.
Photosynthesis
Final Quiz
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbe
nch/lab12/quiz.html