Transcript Final Exam Review - Warren Hills Regional School District

Honors Biology Review
Yea!!!!!
Steps in the Scientific
Method…
• Observe~ always observing
the world around us!!
• 1. ask questions
• 2. form hypothesis
• 3. experimentation
• 4. analysis
• 5. conclusion
Hypothesis?
• If, then
statement
(question)…
• An educated
guess/
testable
What is the difference
between a control group and
an experimental group?
• Control~ unmanipulated; used as a
basis of comparison (sometimes
called placebo group)
• Experimental~ a variable has been
manipulated
Words used in a conclusion?
Compound microscope vs.
simple vs. electron?
• Compound~ many lenses working
together (magnification & clarity)
• Simple~ magnification only
(specimens usually macroscopic)
• Electron~ e- beams, can see
viruses and other extreme
microscopic specimens.
KNOW PARTS OF THE
MICROSCOPE 
Know your fields of biology:
• ecology
– Study of organism interactions with each
other and the environment
• genetics
– Study of heredity
• cytology
– Study of cells
• biology
– Study of LIFE!!!!!!! (YOU BETTER NOT
GET THIS ONE WRONG )
• taxonomy
– Study of naming organisms
Know your basic biochemistry:
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Organic elements- CHONPS
Carbohydrates~ COMPLEX SUGARS
lipids~ fats, oils, waxes
proteins~ keratin, actin/myosin, etc.
complex amino acids
• nucleic acids~ DNA/RNA
• glucose/sucrose/fructose/lactose~
blood sugar, table sugar, fruit sugar,
milk sugar
Know your basic biochemistry:
(Define & Give examples)
• Cellulose~ strength & rigidity to
plants; cell wall component
• Complimentary base pairing~ DNA=
A-T, C-G; RNA= A-U, C-G
• DNA/RNA~ deoxyribonucleic acid
(genetic blueprint)/ ribonucleic acid
(protein synthesis)
• enzymes/ substrate / lock & key~
enzymes (catalyst to jumpstart a
reaction)
• Hydrolysis- breaking apart
macromolecules into monomers by
adding water
• Dehydration synthesis/condensation
reaction: combining monomers
together by removing water
Know your cellular organelles:
What do they look like &
what do they do?
• Nucleus~ cellular control center
• Mitochondrion~ “powerhouse”
supplies energy
• Nucleolus~ makes ribosomes
• Ribosome~ makes proteins
• lysosome~ garbage disposals;
destroyer
• Cell membrane~ semipermeable layer;
allows homeostasis and transport
(same stable internal conditions)
Know your cellular organelles: What do
they look like & what do they do?
• Chloroplast~ has chlorophyll allowing
for photosynthesis to occur
• endoplasmic reticulum (rough &
smooth~ intracellular highways
• Golgi apparatus~ postal office
(packaging and secreting)
• Cell wall~ protects and supports plant
cells
• Vacuole- stroage of water, enzymes,
waste
Define the following terms related
to movement of cellular materials:
• Diffusion~ movement of molecules from
an area of higher concentration to lower
concentration
• Osmosis~ movement of WATER from an
area of high to low
• Active transport~ cell expends energy;
against concentration gradient
• Hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic solution~
lower, higher, equal
• Plasmolysis~ wilting
Define the following terms related
to movement of cellular materials:
• Passive transport~ no energy input
from cell
• Cytolysis~ cell bursting
• Endocytosis~ movement into the cell
pinocytosis~ cell drinking,
Phagocytosis~ cell eating
• Exocytosis~ movement out of the cell
• Contractile vacuoles~ used by protista
to pump out excess water
Difference between hydrophilic
and hydrophobic?
Which cell is in a hypertonic
solution? isotonic? hypotonic?
Define the concepts of cell division:
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Interphase- G1, S, G2
Mitosis~ cloning; body cell reproduction
Meiosis~ forms gametes; genetic recombination
Haploid, diploid~ n, 2n
Gamete~ sperm & egg
Zygote~ union of sperm & egg
Cell plate, cleavage furrow~ occurs during
cytokinesis
• Autosomes~ body chromosomes/somatic
chromosomes (44)
• Sex chromosomes: XX (girl)or XY (boy) (2)
Know blood typing!
Define the concepts of
cell division:
• Bacterial reproduction~
binary fission; splitting
into two
• Sperm production to egg
production~
• 4 to 1 (spermatogenesis;
oogenesis)
Define the concepts of
cell division:
• Male and female symbols
Punnett Square Practice
• Want to do these on the board????
TT X tt
Tt X Tt
Tt X tt
Genetic Terms
• Dominant~ overshadows a recessive
• Recessive~ is expressed when no
dominant is present
• Phenotype~ physical characteristics
(brown, red, etc)
• Genotype~ genetic makeup
(represented by letters)
• Homozygous~ both are the same (TT or
tt)
• Heterozygous~ different genes (Tt)
• sex-linked~ found on a sex chromosome
Add: Karyotype &
Pedigree
• Karyotype:
• Pedigree:
Genetic Disorders
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XO~ Turner Syndrome
Down Syndrome~ Trisomy 21
XXY~ Klienfelters Syndrome
Others? Lots!! Look over notes!
Nondisjunction~ failure of chromosomes to
separate during meiosis
• Monosomy~ 45 total chromosomes (results in 1
less)~ Turner Syndrome
• Trisomy~ 47 total chromosome (results in 1 too
many)~ Down Syndrome & Klienfelters)
• Detection: Amniocentesis or chorionic villi sampling
Remember Replication,
Transcription, Translation ?
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Orig DNA:
Replication:
Transcription:
Translation:
AAT
TTA
UUA
AAU
CCA
GGT
GGU
CCA
GTC
CAG
CAG
GUC
3 BASES= A CODON
Famous Scientists
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Darwin~ theory of evolution
Aristotle~ first to classify organisms
Fleming~ discovered penicillin
Linnaeus~ modern classification
system
Hooke~ named the cell
Lamarck~ acquired traits; evolution
Mendel~ father of genetics
Van Leeuwenhoek~ father of
microscopy
Taxonomy and Evolution
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7 levels?
KPCOFGs
Kingdoms?
Animal
Plant
Fungi
Protista
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Describe these “taxonomy/evolution
terms”:
• vestigial structures: no longer needed
(appendix, tailbone)
• acquired traits: behavior causes evolution
(giraffe stretching neck to reach leaves)
• binomial nomenclature: 2 name naming
system (scientific name); Genus species
• Dichotomous key: recipe for classification
• Homologous structures- similar origin but
look different
Describe these “taxonomy/evolution
terms”:
• analogous structures- different origin but
look similar due to environment)
• Divergent evolution- two organisms
becoming more dissimilar over time
• Convergent- two organisms appearing to be
closely related but are not
• Artificial selection- mankind speeding up
evolution (example- dog breeding)
Bacteria and Viruses and
Fungi
• Draw the three basic bacterial shapes:
coccus, bacillus, spirillus
Bacterial Shapes:
• Rod- bacillus
• Sphere- coccus
• Spiral- spirilli
• Staphylo- clusters
• Strepto- chains/filaments
• What is the difference between
archaebacteria and eubacteria?
• “ancient” extreme environments/”true”
soil and water
• Good things bacteria do?
• Decomposers, make food, antibiotics,
clean up environmental pollutants,
others???
• Bacterial Diseases?
• Anthrax,Salmonella, Botulism, TB,
Typhus, RMSF, Gonorrhea, Chlamydia,
Syphilis, others????
• What is a virus?
• Obligate intracellular parasite (not
technically “living”
• Temperate vs. virulent?
• Lysogenic (doesn’t kill host right
away); lytic (kills host immediately)
What are some viral
diseases?
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AIDS
Ebola
Genital Warts
Cold
Flu
Herpes
BSE (mad cow)
Kuru
Others????????
What are some common
fungi?
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Mushrooms
Yeasts
Smuts
Rusts
Molds
Mildews
Puffballs
Fungal Diseases?
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Corn smuts
Athlete’s foot
Nail fungus
Mildew
Rusts
Ringworm
Jock itch
Others???
Fungus Terminology:
• Hyphae- fungal filaments
• Mycelium- mat of hyphae
• Fruiting body- reproductive
structure
• Miracle Drug?
– Penicillin (alexander fleming)
Protista: “the very first”
List and describe several
protozoans:
• LOTS!!! Check out your notes on
animallike, plantlike and funguslike!!
• Hint…
• Those that cause diseases
(trypanosoma, entamoeba, Giardia),
have mutualistic relationships
(Trichonympha & termite), etc.
How do some protists
move?
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Pseudopodia~
False feet (amoebas)
Cilia~
Hairlike structures (paramecium)
How do paramecia rid
themselves of excess water?
• Contractile vacuole
What are some common diseases
caused by protozoa?
• Malaria, Giardia, Amebic Dysentery,
African Sleeping Sickness, Leishmania,
others????
Photosynthesis Equation
___ CO2 + ___H2O
C6H12O6 + ___O2
“Photosynthesis is a series of
reactions that uses energy from
the sun to convert water and
carbon dioxide (reactants) into
sugars and oxygen (products)”
Sticky~ where
pollen lands
Meiosis~ produces
pollen grains
Eggs are produce
Supports anther
Protect flower while
developing
Know your phyla and classes:
• Porifera~ sponges; sessile (don’t move as
adults)
• Cnidaria ~ jelly fish, man of wars, corals and
anemones; have cnidocysts & nematocysts
• Nematoda ~ roundworms; most are parasitic
• Platyhelminthes~ flatworms like planaria,
tapeworm & flukes
• Annelida~ segmented worms like
earthworms, sandworms and leeches
Continued…
• Amphibia~ metamorphasis; moist skin,
lack claws, frogs, salamanders, toads,
caecilians
• Mammalia~ have hair, bear live young,
4-chambered hearts, endothermic,
mammary glands
Know some general organ function
and structures like:
• pharynx: pathway to trachea or
esophagus
• crop: storge area for food
(earthworms)
• gizzard: grinds food for
earthworm
• heart (chambers in a frog? pig?) :
3 in frog, 4 in pig
• Nictitating membrane: 3rd eyelid;
protects and moistens
• Tympanic membrane: eardrums
• Kidneys: removal of nitrogenous waste
• Pinnae: external ear flaps
• Eyespots~ both detect light
• Lungs: breathing apparatus and gas
exchange
• Stomach~ mechanical & chemical food
digection
• fat bodies (fat)- insulates organs for
hibernation
Biological terminology:
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Autotrophic means: self-feeding
Heterotrophic means: other feeding
Eukaryotic means: true nucleus
Prokaryotic means: before nucleus (lacks
a true nucleus)
• Symbiotic relationships: two or more
organisms living in close association with
each other
Biological terminology:
• Mutualism- both organisms benefit
• Parasitism- one organisms benefits while
the other is harmed (ectoparasitism and
endoparasitism)
• Commensalism- one organism benefits
while the other is unaffected)
• KNOW EXAMPLES OF EACH!!
Know levels of organization!
• Species  population  community
ecosystem  biome  biosphere
• Habitat- where an organism lives
• Niche- the role an organism fulfills
Distinguish between food
chains, & food webs.
• Chain~ flow of energy from producer to
top consumer.
• Web~ interrelated food chains
• Trophic level- each step in the food chain
(Be able to identify producers,
1st order (primary) consumers,
2nd order consumers, etc.)
• Autotroph~ self feeding
• Heterotroph~ other feeding
• Decomposer (saprobe/saprophyte)~ recycle
energy back into the environment (bacteria
and fungus)
• Detritivore~ feed on dead/decaying matter
• Herbivore~ plant eater
• Carnivore~ animal eater
• Omnivore~ eats both plants and animals
Know energy transfer! Who
feeds at what trophic level?
What level of consumerism?