Transcript Slide 1

Ontology in Buffalo
August 27, 2012
Barry Smith
Problems
How to find data
How to reason with data when you find it
How to integrate with other data
How to label the data you are collecting
Answer annotate your data with a common
ontology
How to build a common ontology = an
ontology that will integrate well with
ontologies built for neighboring domains?
2
Science requires a common suite of
ontologies covering all scientific domains
Science is global and seamless
Scientific data is public
3
Ontologists in UB
• Barry Smith (Philosophy, Bioinformatics)
• Werner Ceusters (Psychiatry, Bioinformatics)
• Alan Ruttenberg (Director of UB Clinical and
Translational Data Exchange)
• Alex Diehl (Neurology, Director of Ontology
Services for School of Medicine)
•
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Pain Ontology grant with NIDCR
Protein Ontology grant with NIGMS
Infectious Disease Ontology grant with NIAID
National Center for Biomedical Ontology grant
with NIHGR
Cell Ontology grant with NIHGR
SNOMED grant with NLM
ARGOS on EU/US cooperation in Health IT
VIVO / eagle-I collaboration
Collaborations
Center for Brain and Behavior Informatics
(http://cbbi.buffalo.edu)
Stroke Patient Registry
Alzheimers Patient Registry
Degenerative Disease Ontology
Immunology Ontology
Roswell Park Cancer Institute (Malignancy Ontology)
School of Dental Medicine (Pain Ontology, Picasso
EHR)
Institute for Healthcare Informatics
• http://ahc.buffalo.edu/ihi/
Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life
Sciences
• http://www.bioinformatics.buffalo.edu/
Ontologists in Buffalo
• Jason Corso (Computer Science – video
analysis)
• Albert Goldfain (Blue Highway, Inc. –
Infectious Disease Ontology, data exchange
between devices)
• Dagobert Soergel (Information Studies –
online advanced certificate program in
ontology)
National Center for Biomedical
Ontology (NCBO)
Stanford University Biomedical Research
Mayo Clinic
University at Buffalo
9
Uses of ‘ontology’ in PubMed abstracts
10
By far the most successful: GO (Gene Ontology)
11
GO provides a controlled system of terms for
use in annotating (describing, tagging) data
• multi-species, multi-disciplinary, open
source
• contributing to the cumulativity of scientific
results obtained by distinct research
communities
• compare use of kilograms, meters, seconds
in formulating experimental results
12
US $200 mill. invested in literature and
data curation using GO
over 11 million annotations relating gene
products described in the UniProt, Ensembl
and other databases to terms in the GO
experimental results reported in 52,000
scientific journal articles manually annoted by
expert biologists using GO
13
GO is amazingly successful in overcoming
the data balkanization problem
but it covers only generic biological entities of
three sorts:
– cellular components
– molecular functions
– biological processes
and it does not provide representations of
diseases, symptoms, …
14
RELATION
TO TIME
CONTINUANT
INDEPENDENT
OCCURRENT
DEPENDENT
GRANULARITY
ORGAN AND
ORGANISM
Organism
(NCBI
Taxonomy)
CELL AND
CELLULAR
COMPONENT
Cell
(CL)
MOLECULE
Anatomical
Organ
Entity
Function
(FMA,
(FMP, CPRO) Phenotypic
CARO)
Quality
(PaTO)
Cellular
Cellular
Component Function
(FMA, GO)
(GO)
Molecule
(ChEBI, SO,
RnaO, PrO)
Molecular Function
(GO)
Biological
Process
(GO)
Molecular Process
(GO)
Original OBO Foundry ontologies
(Gene Ontology in yellow)
15
RELATION
TO TIME
CONTINUANT
INDEPENDENT
OCCURRENT
DEPENDENT
GRANULARITY
CELL AND
CELLULAR
COMPONENT
MOLECULE
Anatomical
Entity
(FMA,
CARO)
Cell
(CL)
Cellular
Component
(FMA, GO)
Molecule
(ChEBI, SO,
RnaO, PrO)
Organ
Function
(FMP, CPRO)
environments
are here
ORGAN AND
ORGANISM
Organism
(NCBI
Taxonomy)
Phenotypic
Quality
(PaTO)
Biological
Process
(GO)
Cellular
Function
(GO)
Molecular Function
(GO)
Molecular Process
(GO)
Environment Ontology
16
RELATION
TO TIME
CONTINUANT
INDEPENDENT
OCCURRENT
DEPENDENT
GRANULARITY
COMPLEX OF
ORGANISMS
ORGAN AND
ORGANISM
CELL AND
CELLULAR
COMPONENT
MOLECULE
Family, Community,
Deme, Population
Population
Phenotype
Population
Process
Organ
Anatomical
Function
Organism
Entity
(FMP, CPRO)
(NCBI
(FMA,
Phenotypic
Taxonomy)
CARO)
Quality
(PaTO)
Cellular
Cellular
Cell
Component Function
(CL)
(FMA, GO)
(GO)
Molecule
(ChEBI, SO,
RnaO, PrO)
Molecular Function
(GO)
http://obofoundry.org
Biological
Process
(GO)
Molecular Process
(GO)
17
The OBO Foundry: a step-by-step,
evidence-based approach to expand
the GO
 Developers commit to working to ensure
that, for each domain, there is community
convergence on a single ontology
 and agree in advance to collaborate with
developers of ontologies in adjacent
domains.
http://obofoundry.org
18
OBO Foundry Principles
 Common governance (coordinating editors)
 Common training
 Common architecture
• simple shared top level ontology
• shared Relation Ontology:
www.obofoundry.org/ro
19
Open Biomedical Ontologies Foundry
Seeks to create high quality, validated terminology
modules across all of the life sciences which will be
• non-redundant
• close to language use of experts
• evidence-based
• incorporate a strategy for motivating potential
developers and users
• revisable as science advances
20
The OBO Foundry
is a collective experiment involving many
biological and clinical communities
attempting to create terminology resources
which will support the goal of modularity
one ontology for each domain
No need for ‘mappings’
21
OBO Foundry (example ontologies)
GO Gene Ontology
CL Cell Ontology
SO Sequence Ontology
ChEBI Chemical Ontology
PATO Phenotype (Quality) Ontology
FMA Foundational Model of Anatomy Ontology
ChEBI Chemical Entities of Biological Interest
PRO Protein Ontology
Plant Ontology
Environment Ontology
Ontology for Biomedical Investigations
RNA Ontology
22
Introduction to Basic
Formal Ontology
23
The central distinction
universal vs. instance
human being vs. Arnold Schwarzenegger
science text vs. diary
catalog vs. inventory
24
Ontologies are
representations of
universals in reality
aka kinds, types, categories,
species, genera, ...
25
inventory
A
B
C
515287
521683
521682
DC3300 Dust Collector Fan
Gilmer Belt
Motor Drive Belt
catalog
26
instances
A
B
C
515287
521683
521682
DC3300 Dust Collector Fan
Gilmer Belt
Motor Drive Belt
universals27
universals
object
organism
animal
mammal
cat
siamese
frog
instances
28
Anatomical
Structure
Anatomical Space
Organ Cavity
Subdivision
Organ
Cavity
Organ
Serous Sac
Cavity
Subdivision
Serous Sac
Cavity
Serous Sac
Organ
Component
Organ
Subdivision
Pleural Sac
Pleural
Cavity
Parietal
Pleura
Interlobar
recess
Organ Part
Mediastinal
Pleura
Tissue
Pleura(Wall
of Sac)
Visceral
Pleura
Mesothelium
of Pleura
29
An example of a simple rule:
Each term in an ontology represents
exactly one universal
For this reason ontology terms should be
singular nouns
organism
headache
drug administration
30
The Pre-History of BFO
• Aristotle (4th Century BC)
• Edmund Husserl’s Logical Investigations
(1900-01)
• “Truthmaker” (1984)
• Patrick Hayes, “Naïve Physics Manifesto”
(1985)
• Qualitative spatial reasoning (1990 – )
• DOLCE (1991 – )
• GO, FMA (2004 – )
31
Aristotle’s Ontological Square
Particular
Universal
Substantial
Accidental
Second substance Second accident
man
headache
cat
sun-tan
ox
dread
First substance
First accident
this man
this headache
this cat
this sun-tan
this ox
this dread
32
Edmund Husserl
Substantial
Accidental
Universal
Independent
continuant
Second accident
Particular
• Coined ‘formal ontology’
• Introduced formal mereology
• First formal account of dependence relations
this man
this ox
this man’s headache
that man’s knowledge of Greek
33
Truthmaker (1984)
Q: What is it in reality in virtue of which a
true assertion such as
“John has a headache”
is true?
A: John’s current headache
Kevin Mulligan, Peter M. Simons and Barry Smith, “Truth-Makers”, Philosophy
and Phenomenological Research, 44 (1984), 287–321.
34
John Searle
mind-to-world direction of fit – have truthmakers
Belief
Statement
Photograph
Scientific theory
world-to mind direction of fit
Plan
Instruction
Request
Command
35
Hayes’ Naïve Physics Manifesto
BFO 1.n: How can we construct a formal
ontology (= an ontology formalized using
first-order predicate logic) that will
represent the entities we experience in
our everyday perception and action?
BFL 2.n: How can we do this in a way
that will also be compatible with what we
know from physics?
36
Qualitative spatial reasoning /
mereotopology
• COSIT Conferences on Spatial Information Theory
– http://www.cosit.info/
• Leeds Qualitative Spatial Reasoning Group
– http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/qsr/
• Anthony Galton
– http://empslocal.ex.ac.uk/people/staff/apgalton/
• Thomas Bittner
– http://www.buffalo.edu/~bittner3
• Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi, Parts and
Places (MIT Press, 1999)
37
The History of BFO
2004 BFO 1.0
2005 OBO Relation Ontology (RO)
2006 BFO 1.1
adds generically dependent continuants
2012 BFO 2.0
incorporates top-level relations from RO
addresses problem of process
measurement data (e.g. heart rates)
38
BFO: A First Look
Continuant
Independent
Continuant
Occurrent
(Process, Event)
Dependent
Continuant
universals
..... ..... .....
instances
39
Basic Formal Ontology
•
•
•
•
a true upper level ontology
no interference with domain ontologies
no interference with issues of cognition
no putative fictions
40
Main reason to use BFO
BFO has the largest body of users
(compare: This telephone network has the
largest number of subscribers)
Snowballing network effects:
data annotated using BFO-conformant
ontologies becomes more valuable
numbers of people with expertise in
building BFO-conformant ontologies
increases
41
How BFO is constructed and
maintained
Simplicity
BFO has objects
BFO has qualities of objects
BFO has no qualities of qualities
Simplicity
BFO has particulars
BFO has universals
Only particulars instantiate universals
(no ‘meta-universals’)
42
How BFO is constructed and
maintained
Perspectivalism:
Ontologies are windows on reality
There is a multiplicity of windows
(perspectives), all equally veridical, i.e.
transparent to reality
For example we can view an organism as
a single object or as a collection of
molecules (granular perspectives)
43
Ontological realism
reality exists behind a
transparent grid
= a veridical partition
Barry Smith, “Beyond Concepts, or: Ontology as
Reality Representation”, (FOIS 2004),
http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/Beyond_Concepts.pdf
44
Alberti‘s Grid
45
Many veridical partitions
Common sense involves many
verdical partitions
otherwise we would all be dead
The common sense partitions of folk
physics, folk psychology, folk biology, are
to a large degree transparent to reality
It is such common sense partitions that
are involved, for instance, when someone
46
takes your temperature in the hospital
The fundamental thesis of
ontological realism
that many of our natural-language and
scientific partitions are transparent to
reality
is in fact quite trivial
47
48
BFO 1.0
49
Three Fundamental Dichotomies
• Universal/Type vs. instance
• Continuant vs. occurrent
• Dependent vs. independent
http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/
50
Basic Formal Ontology
Continuant
Independent
Continuant
Occurrent
(Process, Event)
Dependent
Continuant
http://ifomis.uni-saarland.de/bfo/
51
Blinding Flash of the Obvious
Continuant
Independent
Continuant
Occurrent
(Process, Event)
Dependent
Continuant
http://ifomis.uni-saarland.de/bfo/
52
Continuant entities
- have continuous existence in time
- preserve their identity through change
- exist in toto if they exist at all
Occurrent entities
- have temporal parts
- unfold themselves phase by phase
- exist only in their phases/stages
53
You are a substance
Your life is a process
You are 3-dimensional
Your life is 4-dimensional
54
BFO: the very top
Continuant
Independent
Continuant
Specifically
Dependent
Continuant
Occurrent
(always dependent
on one or more
independent
continuants)
55
instance_of
types
Continuant
Independent
Continuant
thing
Specifically
Dependent
Continuant
Occurrent
process, event
quality
.... ..... .......
instances
56
Specifically dependent
continuants
•
‘
Qualities
•
of whiteness of this cheese, of mass of
this banana, of rigidity of this stone
57
Continuant
Independent
Continuant
Specifically
Dependent
Continuant
Non-realizable
Dependent
Continuant
(quality)
Realizable
Dependent
Continuant
(function, role,
disposition)
..... .....
58
Realizable dependent continuants
Role: nurse role, pathogen role, food role
Disposition: fragility, virulence, susceptibility,
genetic disposition to disease X
Function: to pump (of the heart), to unlock
(of the key)
59
realization specifically_depends_on
realizable
Continuant
Independent
Continuant
bearer
Specifically
Dependent
Continuant
disposition
Occurrent
Process of
realization
.... ..... .......
60
BFO
Continuant
Independent
Continuant
Dependent
Continuant
(molecule,
(quality,
cell, organ,
organism)
function,
disease)
Occurrent
(Process)
e.g.
Functioning
e.g.
Side-Effect,
Stochastic
Process, ...
..... ..... .... .....
61
BFO partitions reality
all terms included in the ontology are
intended to designate universals in reality,
in conformity with the basic principle of
science-based ontology
but this means that science-based
ontologies are on the one hand windows on
the universals in reality, but on the other
hand windows on the instances in reality
62
Realizable dependent entities
role
disposition
function
continuants
63
Their realizations
execution
expression
exercise
application
course
occurrents
64
Continuant
Independent
Continuant
Occurrent
Specifically
Dependent
Continuant
Realizable
Dependent
Continuant
Quality
Disposition
e.g. Disease
Function
Role
e.g. Functioning
65
BFO 1.1
66
Specifically Dependent Continuants
Specifically
Dependent
Continuant
if any bearer ceases to exist,
then the quality or function
ceases to exist
the color of my skin
the function of my heart
Quality, Pattern
Realizable
Dependent
Continuant
67
Generically Dependent Continuants
Generically
Dependent
Continuant
if one bearer ceases to exist, then
the entity can survive, because
there are other bearers
(copyability)
the pdf file on my laptop
Information
Object
Sequence
the DNA (sequence) in this
chromosome
68
Information objects
pdf file
poem
symphony
algorithm
symbol
sequence
molecular structure
69
Generically dependent continuants
such as plans, laws …
are concretized in specifically dependent
continuants
(the plan in your head, the protocol being
realized by your research team, the law
being implemented by this government
agency)
70
71
Generically dependent continuants
are concretized in specifically dependent
continuants
Beethoven’s 9th Symphony is concretized
in the pattern of ink marks which make up
this score in my hand
72
Universal or instance
Continuant
Independent
Continuant
human being,
protocol
document
Dependent
Continuant
pattern of
ink marks
Occurrent
(Process)
Applying
the protocol
Side-Effect …
... .. ..... .... .....
73
Generically Dependent Continuants
Generically
Dependent
Continuant
Information
Entity
.pdf file
Sequence
.doc file
instances
74
BFO 2.0
75
BFO:object_aggregate
not a sum of objects, but something like a
set:
a certain part of material reality, picked out
by a certain granular partition
76
The Beatles
77
The Beatles
78
We use the
John
Paul George Ringo
partition to pick out a
certain object aggregate
in this particular portion
of material reality, then
we mask all other
portions of reality, from
external (the water) and
internal (the cells and
molecules)
79
John
Paul George Ringo
is a veridical
partition. The
Beatles truly do
(did) exist
80
king
rook
chess pieces
queen pawn knight
table top
bishop
surrounding
space
molecules
all these partitions are verdical
81
BFO:object_aggregate
which can however change its members
over time
(e.g. the aggregate of members of the
International Association for Ontology and
Its Applications)
examples: populations, families, tribes,
species, planetary systems – anything
associated with a count, a registry, an
inventory, a census
82
inventory
83
member_part_of
a member_part_of b at t =Def. a is an
object at t
& there is at t a mutually exhaustive and
pairwise disjoint partition of b into objects
x1, …, xn with a = xi for some natural
number i.
Use this as basis for a theory of groups,
organizations and other social objects
84
Non-rigid universals
= universals which (may) hold of a continuant
only for a certain time in the life of the continuant
human
in nature, no sharp
boundaries here
embryo
instantiates
at t1
fetus
instantiates
at t2
neonate
instantiates
at t3
infant
instantiates
at t4
John
child
instantiates
at t5
adult
instantiates
at t6
85
portion of
water
portion of
ice
instantiates
at t1
portion of
liquid water
instantiates
at t2
Phase
transitions
portion of
gas
instantiates
at t3
this portion of H20
86
When we measure temperatures we impose a
quantitative partition on a portion of reality
temperature
37ºC
37.1ºC
instantiates
at t1
instantiates
at t2
37.2ºC
instantiates
at t3
37.3ºC
instantiates
at t4
37.4ºC
37.5ºC
instantiates
at t5
instantiates
at t6
John’s temperature endures through time
87
Determinable and determinate
qualities
rigid
temperature
37ºC
37.1ºC
instantiates
at t1
instantiates
at t2
37.2ºC
instantiates
at t3
37.3ºC
instantiates
at t4
37.4ºC
instantiates
at t5
37.5ºC
instantiates
at t6
John’s temperature (a quality instance)
88
Determinable and determinate
qualities
temperature
in nature, no sharp
boundaries here
37ºC
instantiates
at t1
37.1ºC
instantiates
at t2
37.2ºC
instantiates
at t3
37.3ºC
instantiates
at t4
37.4ºC
instantiates
at t5
37.5ºC
instantiates
at t6
John’s temperature
89
Recall how we deal with phase
sortals
John instance_of nurse at t =Def.
John instance_of human being at t
& for some x, x instance_of nurse role
& x inheres_in John at t
90
Role universals are rigid universals
Nurse role is_a role
(Role universals are rigid universals)
If x instance_of role at t, then x
instance_of role at all times at which x
exists.
Quality, disposition, region, material entity – these
too are rigid universals
Is object a rigid universal?
91
Full processes
p is a full process =Def. for some
spatiotemporal region s,
p occupies s
& every process q which occupies
some part of s is part of p
All full processes occupying any given
spatiotemporal region are identical
92
History
history of a material entity m = the full
process which is the sum of processes
taking place in the spatiotemporal region
occupied by m
93
History
The relation between a material entity and
its history is one-to-one:
for any material entity a, there is exactly one
process which is the history of a,
for every history h, there is exactly one
material entity which h is the history of.
Histories are additive. Thus for any two
material entities a and b, the history of the
sum of a and b is the sum of their
histories.
94
Lives (for OGMS)
The life of an organism is the history of the
corresponding OGMS:extended organism
95
Partial processes
p is a partial process = p is a process & p is
not a full process
96
A spinning top is simultaneously
getting warmer
Two distinguishable (indeed separately
measurable process profiles) in a single
region of spacetime
97
Typically, processes are very
complicated
a single running process p might be an instance
of multiple universals such as
– 3.12 m/s motion process,
– 9.2 calories per minute energy burning process,
– 30.12 liters per kilometer oxygen utilizing process,
– cardiovascular exercise process of type #16
and so on.
Each of these corresponds to a partial process
within p.
Solution
• focus not on ‘thick’ processes, such as
runnings or hearts’ beating
• but on ‘thin’ structural parts of processes
–called ‘process profiles’
• (event patterns, …)
Single quality process profile
• a process of the sort that can be represented
by a chart plotting quality measurement
results on a single dimension against a time
axis
• a quality process profile is a truthmaker for a
time series graph of this sort
Examples of single quality process
profiles
Examples of
1. the course of Jim’s temperature
2. the course of Jim’s weight
3. the course of Jim’s height
4. the course of Jim’s fortune
Each is depictable by means of a time series
graph
Process profile  that which the output
of a correct device would represent
= that which a correct time-series graph would
represent
Temperature
Call the process represented by this graph
a (temperature) quality process profile
The graph picks out just one dimension of
qualitative change within a much larger
conglomerate of processes
Hence ‘quality process profile’
What did your temperature do over the
last month, Jim?
a target of a certain sort of cognitive
selection, or cognitive profiling
Cardiac Cycle, Left Ventricle
Some processes can incorporate
multiple quality process profiles
Cardiac Cycle, Left Ventricle
…corresponding to the multiple
different sorts of partition of the same
reality involved during measurement
Cardiac Cycle, Left Ventricle
multi-quality process profile
Cardiac Cycle, Left Ventricle
Compare perception of polyphonic
music
• Cognitive selection of the cello part when you
listen to a string quartet
• Picking out a certain process profile within a
larger body of vibrations
• Ignoring sneezes, coughs, …
• (sometimes focusing on sneezes and coughs
for diagnostic purposes)
110
simultaneous causality
specifically_depends_on
Continuant
Occurrent
process
Independent
Continuant
Dependent
Continuant
thing
quality
temperature depends
on bearer
.... ..... .......
112
The Beatles
114
Quality partitions
...
...
red orange
crimson red
yellow green
deep
red
blood
red
...
...
115
Example: a chess game
W: Pawn to King4
B: Pawn to Queen’s Bishop 3
W. Pawn to Queen 3
...
116
Two directions of fit
world-to-mind and mind-to-world
what begins as a plan, ends as a record
(with truthmaker – if it is a true record –
the journey you took)
117
Example: An airline ticket
7:00am LH 465 Vienna
arrive London Heathrow 8:15am
9:45am LH 05 London Heathrow
arrive New York (JFK) 3:45pm
5:50pm UA 1492 New York (JFK)
arrive Columbus, OH 7:05pm
118
Example: An airline ticket
7:00am LH 465 Vienna
arrive London Heathrow 8:15am
9:45am LH 05 London Heathrow
arrive New York (JFK) 3:45pm
5:50pm UA 1492 New York (JFK)
arrive Columbus, OH 7:05pm
119
Example: An airline ticket
7:00am LH 465 Vienna
arrive London Heathrow 8:15am
9:45am LH 05 London Heathrow
arrive New York (JFK) 3:45pm
5:50pm UA 1492 New York (JFK)
arrive Columbus, OH 7:05pm
120
Example: An airline ticket
7:00am LH 465 Vienna
arrive London Heathrow 8:15am
9:45am LH 05 London Heathrow
arrive New York (JFK) 3:45pm
5:50pm UA 1492 New York (JFK)
arrive Columbus, OH 7:05pm
121
Example: An airline ticket
7:00am LH 465 Vienna
arrive London Heathrow 8:15am
9:45am LH 05 London Heathrow
arrive New York (JFK) 3:45pm
5:50pm UA 1492 New York (JFK)
arrive Columbus, OH 7:05pm
122
Example: An airline ticket
7:00am LH 465 Vienna
arrive London Heathrow 8:15am
9:45am LH 05 London Heathrow
arrive New York (JFK) 3:45pm
5:50pm UA 1492 New York (JFK)
arrive Columbus, OH 7:05pm
123
When you understood the
airline ticket,
when you understood the reality of the
corresponding portion of spacetime at
the level of granularity dictated by the
airline ticket,
you were directed towards a process
profile called a journey
the journey is the truthmaker for the ticket
124
Two directions of fit
world-to-mind and mind-to-world
what begins as a plan, ends as a record
(with truthmaker – if it is a true record –
the journey you took)
125
126
Process profiles and the role of
standardized notations
music
chess
choreography
ship stow planning
military manoeuvres
language
traffic law
127
Process profiles and linguistics
Phonetics deals with the production of
speech sounds by humans, often without
prior knowledge of the language being
spoken.
Phonology is about patterns of
sounds in all spoken languages
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Protocol
#1 protocol (GDC) instance_of OBI: type plan
specification.
#1 concretized_in #2 (= plan in mind of leader of
research team, a realizable SDC to carry out some
experiment.
realization of #2 starts with the creation of a series
of sub-protocols, which are plan specifications for
each team member.
The experiment itself is the sum of the realizations
of these plans, having outputs further GDCs such
as publications, databases …
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Music
Beethoven’s 9th Symphony, a certain abstract
pattern (generically dependent continuant), which
we shall call #9
#9 instance_of symphony
symphony is_a musical work.
#9 instance_of musical work
#9 concretized_in specifically dependent
continuant pattern of ink marks borne by this
printed copy of the score #10
#9 concretized_in specifically dependent
continuant pattern of grooves in this vinyl disk. 130
Music
#10 instance_of generically dependent
continuant type OBI:plan specification
#10 specifies how to create performance of #9.
#10 is concretized_in this network of subplan
(complex realizable SDC) distributed across the
minds of the conductor and members of this
orchestra #11
#11 realized_in this performance #12
#12 “copied” in what you hear (a process inside
your head)
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132
Two directions of fit
world-to-mind and mind-to-world
what begins as a plan, ends as a record
(with truthmaker – if it is a true record –
the journey you took)
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Are mental processes process profiles?
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