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Define variation: Give a definition for sexual reproduction. What two factors can affect the characteristics of an organism? What is the scientific name for an organism produced by asexual reproduction? What is a mutation?. What is a gene? Why do plants and animals share characteristics with their parents? Complete the table below. Why do organisms produced by sexual reproduction show greater variation than those formed by asexual reproduction? Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction Number of parents Describe two ways in which you can clone a plant. Is there mixing of genes? Are gametes involved? Put the following words in order from smallest to larges to describe how genetic material is organised. Chromosome, Nucleus, Cell, Gene Increases variation? How was dolly the sheep created by adult cell cloning? Describe how you would use a plant to produce human growth hormone. Explain how an embryo transplant can be used to clone a cow. Why are some people opposed to the genetic modification of organisms? Why is an organism produced by adult cell cloning considered a clone? List some reasons for genitcally modifying a plant.. Define variation: Differences between living organisms. Give a definition for sexual reproduction. •Fusion of male and female gametes What two factors can affect the characteristics of an organism? Genes Environment What is a mutation?. A change in DNA. What is a gene? A section of DNA that controls the characteristic of an organism. Why do plants and animals share characteristics with their parents? They inherit genes passed on when their parent’s gametes fuse. Put the following words in order from smallest to larges to describe how genetic material is organised. Chromosome, Nucleus, Cell, Gene Gene -> Chromosome - > Nucleus -> Cell Explain how an embryo transplant can be used to clone a cow. Cells are taken from a growing embryo before they become specialised Each cell transplanted into a surrogate mother Why is an organism produced by adult cell cloning considered a clone? Has genetic information from one parent only. Complete the table below. What is the scientific name for an organism produced by asexual reproduction? Clone Why do organisms produced by sexual reproduction show greater variation than those formed by asexual reproduction? Sexual reproduction involves the mixing of genes from two parents; asexual genes are inherited from one parent only Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction Number of parents 2 1 Is there mixing of genes? Yes No Are gametes involved? Yes No Increases variation? Yes No How was dolly the sheep created by adult cell cloning? • Nucleus removed from unfertilised egg cell • Nucleus from an adult body cell inserted into unfertilised egg cell • Electric shock given to stimulate the cell to divide. • Ball of cells implanted into surrogate Why are some people opposed to the genetic modification of organisms? • Damage to modified organism • May lead to a smaller gene pool • May upset natural balance of the ecosystem. • May harm the health of humans who eat GM organisms Describe two ways in which you can clone a plant. Cuttings: cut leaf from adult plant bud, dip in rooting powder and plant in compost Tissue culture: take a small group of cells form an adult plant and grow on sterile agar Describe how you would use a plant to produce human growth hormone. Enzymes used to cut gene out of human chromosome Other enzymes used to insert gene into plant chromosome Plant cell divides and makes hormone List some reasons for genitcally modifying a plant.. Herbicide resistant Insect resistant Produce novel protein Increase yield