BRONCHIECTASIS-for-4th-year-AM-college-Oct
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Transcript BRONCHIECTASIS-for-4th-year-AM-college-Oct
This young man has
long
history
of
productive cough and
wheezing.
He
is
afebrile
and
chest
auscultation
reveals
coarse
crackles
at
right lower chest
BRONCHIECTASIS
Bronciectasis (Greek word)
•Bronkos ---- Wind pipe
•Ektesis ---- Stretching
HOW DO YOU DEFINE BRONCHIECTASIS ?
BRONCHIECTASIS
Abnormal and permanent
dilatation of bronchi and
bronchioles greater than 2 mm
CLASSIFICATION
REID’S CLASSIFICATION (1950)
• Based on Pathology & Bronchography
Cylindrical
Varicose
Saccular (Cystic)
Sacular type
Cylindrical
Varicose Type
MUCOUS PLUGS
DILATED
BRONCHIOLE
PATHOGENESIS
NORMAL HOST RESPONSE TO
BRONCHIAL INSULT
BRONCHIAL INSULT
RETURN TO HEALTH
MUCOCILLIARY CLEARENCE
INFLAMMATION
ABNORMAL HOST RESPONSE TO
BRONCHIAL INSULT
BRONCHIAL INSULT
BRONCHIECTASIS
INFLAMMATION
BRONCHIAL DAMAGE
IMPAIRED MUCOCILLIARY
CLEARENCE
FURTHER INFLAMMATION
BRONCHIAL OBSTRUCTION
PATHOGENESIS
OBSTRUCTION
INFLAMMATION
ETIOLOGY OF
BRONCHIECTASIS
Congenital
Acquired
Case Study
While doing clinical elective in UK,
you happen to see a young man,
who has been regularly visiting chest
clinic since birth with multiple
admissions. He c/o productive cough
and shortness of breath. His brother
also suffers from the same disease.
His chest x-ray is
What is the
diagnosis ?
What is mode of
inheritance ?
What do you see
on this chest x-ray.
What is pathology
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
What is the
diagnosis ?
What is mode of
inheritance ?
What do you see
on this chest x-ray.
What is pathology
Case Study
30 Years old gentleman comes to you
with chronic sinusitis and productive
cough. His x-ray of sinuses and chest
are
What is the diagnosis ?
Kartageyner Syndrome
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD)
or Kartagener Syndrome (KS), is a
rare, ciliopathic, autosomal recessive gene
tic disorder that causes a defect in the
action of the cilia lining the respiratory
tract (lower and pper, sinuses, Eustachian
tube,middle ear) and fallopian tube.
Kartageyner Syndrome
It is combination of Ciliary
Dyskinesia and situs inversus
(complete or incomplete)
Infertility
What are the congenital causes
of Bronchiectasis ?
ETIOLOGY: CONGENITAL
Cystic Fibrosis
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Kartagener’s Syndrome
Immunodeficiency States
Intralobular Lung Sequestration
AQUIRED CAUSES
POST INFECTIOUS
BRONCHIAL OBSTRUCTION
MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS
AQUIRED CAUSES
POST INFECTIOUS
Bacterial
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pseudomonas aureginosa
Hemophillus influenzae
Staphylococcus aureus
AQUIRED CAUSES:
POSTINFECTIOUS
Viral
Adenovirus
Influenza
HIV
Fungal
Aspergillus fumigatus (ABPA)
Allergic Bronchopulmonary
Aspergillosis (ABPA)
Mainly in
Asthmatics
Sensitization to
aspergillous
Raised IgE level
Tubular
Bronchiectasis
ETIOLOGY : BRONCHIAL
OBSTRUCTION
Tumour
Foreign Bodies
Mucous Plugs
ETIOLOGY: OTHER CAUSES
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Post transplant
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
SYMPTOMS
Persistent cough
Purulent sputum
(green and foul smelling)
Hemoptysis
Dyspnea
Wheeze
Fever
Severe Pneumonia
Asymptomatic
Non Productive Cough
WET TYPE
DRY TYPE
CLINICAL PRESENTATI0N
SIGNS
• On GPE
Digital Clubbing
Cyanosis
Plethora
Muscle wasting
• On Auscultation
Crackles
Wheeze
Ronchi
COMPLICATIONS
Recurrent pneumonia
Empyema
Haemoptysis
Pneumothorax
Lung abscess
Brain abscess
Amyloidosis
Cor pulmonale
DIAGNOSIS
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
SPUTUM ANALYSIS
RADIOLOGY
DIRECT VISUALISATION
ESTABLISHMENT OF CAUSE
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
HISTORY
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
RULE OUT
Pneumonia
Emphysema
Lung abscess
SPUTUM ANALYSIS
Amount of sputum
24 hr Sputum Production
Mild
Moderate
Severe
< 10 ml/day
<150 ml/day
>150 ml/day
Visual Impression
Microbiology
Streptococcus pneumoneae
Hemophillus influenzae
Aspergillus
Psedomonas
E. coli
LAB TESTS
Blood complete picture
Quantitative immunoglobulin
Alpha-1 anti-trypsin level
RADIOLOGY
Chest X-ray PA view
Cylindrical
Varicose
Saccular
Bronchography
CT Scan
DIRECT VISUALISATION
Bronchoscoy
Flexible
Rigid
ESTABLISHMENT OF CAUSE
Serum Protein electrophoresis
Serum Immunoglobulins
Pilocarpine Iontophoresis (Sweat Test)
Aspergillus Precipitin Test
Electron Microscopy
MANAGEMENT
4 GOALS
Elimination of Problem
Clear Tracheo-bronchial Secretions
Control Infections
Reverse Airflow Obstruction
MANAGEMENT
POSTURAL DRAINAGE
BRONCHODIALATORS
CORTICOSTEROIDS
TREAT INFECTIONS
Antibiotics (according to C&S)
Amoxicillin 250mg
-------Co-amoxiclav 325mg -------Levofloxacin 500mg -------Ceftazidime
Preventive and suppressive
antibiotics
TDS
TDS
BD
Other treatment
Inhaled Broncho dilators
Inhaled aerosolized aminoglycosides
Surgery
Reserved for patients with localised
bronchiectasis and adequate lung
functions
Sometime in massive haemoptysis
PREVENTION
VACCINATION
Influenza vaccine
Pneumococcal vaccine
AVOID EXACERBATING FACTORS
Regular chest physiotherapy
Stay together