Transcript What is a Mutation?

What is a Mutation?
Mutation:
change in a DNA sequence that
affects genetic information.
Understanding Level
mutation:

(define in your own words)
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Frameshift Mutation – mutation
that shifts the “reading”
frame of the genetic message
by inserting of deleting a
nucleotide.
Understanding Level
Frameshift mutation:

(define in your own words)
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Point Mutation – mutation that
affects a single nucleotide,
usually by substituting one
nucleotide for another.
Understanding Level
Point mutation:

(define in your own words)
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Chromosomal Mutation
– involve changes in the number
or structure of chromosomes.
– Below are examples of
Chromosomal Mutations.
•
•
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Deletion Mutation
Insertion Mutation
Inversion Mutation
Translocation Mutation
Understanding Level
Chromosomal mutation:
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(define in your own words)
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Deletion Mutation – involve the
loss of all or part of a
chromosome.
Understanding Level
Deletion mutation:

(define in your own words)
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Insertion Mutation – addition of
DNA bases.
Understanding Level
Insertion mutation:

(define in your own words)
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Inversion Mutation – reverse the
direction of parts of
chromosomes.
Understanding Level
Inversion mutation:

(define in your own words)
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Translocation Mutation – occur
when part of one chromosome
breaks off and attaches to
another.
Understanding Level
Translocation mutation: 1 2 3 4
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(define in your own words)
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Phenotype – physical
characteristics of an
organism.
Understanding Level
phenotype:
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(define in your own words)
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Nucleotide – monomer of
nucleic acids made up of a 5carbon sugar, a phosphate
group, and a nitrogenous
base.
Understanding Level
nucleotide:
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(define in your own words)
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Polyploidy – condition in which
an organism has extra sets of
chromosomes.
Understanding Level
Polyploidy:
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(define in your own words)
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Mutate a Sentence
Thesunwashotbuttheoldmandidnotgethishat.
Mutate a Sentence
GENE – NUCLEOTIDE BASE - CODON
The sun was hot but the old man did not get his hat.
The sentence represents a gene. Each letter
corresponds to a nucleotide base, and each word
represents a codon.
Mutate a Sentence: Frameshift
The sun was hot but the old man did not get his hat.
Frameshift
T hes unw ash otb utt heo ldm and idn otg eth ish at.
or
Th esu nwa sho tbu tth eol dma ndi dno tge thi sha t.
Mutate a Sentence: Deletion
The sun was hot but the old man did not get his hat.
Deletion
Mutate the reading frame of this sentence by
deleting letters within the sentence.
Mutate a Sentence: Insertion
The sun was hot but the old man did not get his hat.
Insertion
Mutate the reading frame of this sentence by
inserting letters within the sentence.
Which of these best explains how mutation can be
beneficial to an organism? Apr'06 11th -7
A. Phenotypic change may create an advantage over other organisms.
B. Recombined genetic material improves genotype stability.
C. Mitosis becomes a favored means of reproduction.
D. Deoxyribose sugars develop into additional nucleotides.
A
Sickle-cell anemia is a disorder resulting from a
mutation that leads to the production of an
abnormal protein. Which component of the DNA
molecule provides instructions for the production
of the protein? Apr'06 11th -31
A. The phosphate groups
B. The sugar molecules
C. The sequence of nitrogen bases
D. The bonds that hold the sugars to the bases
C
A deletion of a DNA base from a gene affects an
organism by _____. Jul'06 11th -32
A. causing future gametes to have additional chromosomes
B. changing the sequence of amino acids in a protein
C. causing chromosome fragments to form long chains
D. changing the structure of ribose sugar in nucleic acids
B
Which of the following is a change that could be
passed on to an organism’s offspring? Jul'06 11th -52
A. Damage to the DNA of gamete cells
B. Damage to skin cells from exposure to sunlight
C. Damage to DNA in the cytoplasm of cheek cells
D. Damage to hair pigment cells with permanent dyes
A
The diagram shows three generations of cells produced by a single
cell through mitosis. In the process, a single mutation occurred at
the point indicated. The mutation caused changes within a dominant
allele. How many of the 15 cells contain the mutation? Apr'06 10th -20
A. 5
B. 7
C. 14
D. 15
B
If one nucleotide is
omitted or accidentally
repeated in the process of
DNA duplication, which of
the following is most
likely to occur? Jul'06 11th -10
A. Gene deletion
B. Gene mutation
C. Gene insertion
D. Gene segregation
B
A.
This illustration is an
example of a normal
DNA sequence. Which
of the following
represents a single base
change in the sequence?
Apr'06 10th -39
B.
C.
D.
D
The model shows a demonstration a student prepared using
black and white marbles to show how populations of
organisms can change. Which of the following concepts is
best illustrated by this demonstration? Feb'06 11th -30
A. Evolution of a predatory species
B. Genetic drift accompanying natural selection
C. Environmentally induced genetic mutations
D. Immunity from virulent microorganisms
B