Transcript Pharmacy of Inorganic Medicinals 2x

Dr. Althea Rodriguez Arenajo
NITROGEN, NITROUS OXIDE AND
AMMONIA
NITROGEN
 Rutherford observed that when O2 WAS
removed from the air, remained a gas
which do not support combustion and
respiration
 Scheele showed that one gas in the
atmosphere supports combustion and
respiration and that the other did not
NITROGEN
 Lavoisier named the gas azote from
the Greek meaning “without life”
 Chaptal proposed the name nitrogen
from the Greek word niter which
means “I produce”
 N2 constitute 79% by volume of the
atmosphere
 Free nitrogen found in natural waters
NITROGEN
 With hydrogen, it forms ammonia and in
organic combination as protein,
alkaloids, amino acids, etc.
 N2 is an integral part of animal and
vegetable tissues and liquids
 Present in soil where it is formed by the
action of nitrifying bacteria
 A colorless, tasteless and odorless gas
NITROGEN
 N2 is an inert gas, it will neither burn nor
support combustion
 NCl3 is a compound that has a very
pungent smell, powerful lachrymatory
properties and is a most dangerous
explosive
 The flame of a burning wood held in an
atmosphere of N2 is extinguished
 It is stored in a black-pink cylinder
NITROGEN
 Cod liver oil, olive oil, castor oil are
often packaged with a N2 atmosphere
to retard oxidation and rancidity or loss
of vitamins during storage
 The USP allows N2 (also CO2) to
replace air in parenterals, topical
solutions, and injections without
declaring its presence on the label
NITROGEN
 Elementary N2 is used principally in
connection with nitrogen fixation
 Liquid nitrogen is useful to obtain tempt
as low as -3200F and used to freeze
warts, angiomas, etc.
 Used to freeze gums, waxes, rubber,
resins, etc., so as to prevent their
tenacious(sticky) property from interferring
during grinding or powdering operations
NITROGEN
 Thermometers used in elevated
temperatures have a space filled with
N2 gas to decrease the evapoartion of
the mercury and prevent its oxidation
 Electric bulbs with N2 are now in
general use, thus giving longer life by
reducing the volatilization of the
filaments
NITROGEN
NITROUS OXIDE
 Priestley made the first nitrous oxide by
the action of nitric acid on moist iron
filings
 Sir Humphry Davy have observed that
the gas produced exhilirating effects
when inhaled, hence the common
name “laughing gas”
NITROGEN
 It is colorless, odorless and tasteless
 Three times soluble in alcohol than in
water and dissolves in either fats or oil
 Fats also dissolves large volume of
nitrous oxide, in making modern
aerosol whipped cream formulations
 It is not flammable but supports
combustion of many subs and oxygen
NITROGEN
 At ordinary temperature, metals do not
rust with N2O
 The hemoglobin of the blood is unable
to use it as a source of oxygen
 It has no reaction with water
 It is officially recognized as a general
anaesthetic for use as inhalation and it
is to be used as required
NITROGEN
 As anesthetic, used with 20-25% O2
as diluent, permanent neurological
damage due to hypoxia can result
even few minutes of administration
 The optimum conc is 35% admixed
with air or oxygen (latter is preferred)
 Condoned in the 2nd stage of labor,
does not impair uterine contraction
AMM0NIA
 Geber prepared NH3 by distilling the
hoofs and horns of animals and
absorbing the gas in water, the sol’n
was called “spirit of hartshorn”
 Priestley was the first to obtain pure
ammonia and called it “alkaline air”
 It is a colorless gas with a strong
pungent characteristic odor
AMMONIA
 Liquid ammonia is a good solvent and
ionizing medium
 It is soluble in alcohol and ether
 Ammonia water may be considered
as one containing NH4OH
 At low tempt, it is stable but at red
heat, by the action of electric spark,
decomposes to hydrogen and nitrogen
AMMONIA
 Basic subs tha reacts with acidic
materials to form ammonium cmpds
 A proton donor, reacts with soluitons
of pH greater than 7 (HCO3- )
 Ammonolysis is the process of
forming ammonia-basic salts
 Ammonia’s identity is tested using
Nessler’s reagent
AMMONIA
 Nessler’s reagent is Alklaine Mercuric-
Potassium Iodide T.S. which is a
solution of potassium iodide, mercury
bichloride, and potassium hydroxide
Uses of Ammonia:
a. As fertilizer
b. Starting point for the manufacture
of military explosives
AMMONIA
c. Making of soda ash, nitric acid, nylon,
plastics, lacquers, resins, dyes,
refrigerants, rubber, sulfa drugs, and
antimalarials
 Liquid ammonia is used for refrigeration
and for manufacture of artificial ice
 Pharmaceutical applications are in the
manufacture of antacid, counterirritants,
stimulant, salt, and soap formation
AMMONIA
Important compounds:
1. Strong ammonia solution (Strong
ammonia water) NF
- this solution deteriorates rapidly in
open containers due to loss of
ammonia by evaporation
Caution: Use care in handling strong
ammonia solution because of the
caustic nature of the solution and the
AMMONIA
irritating properties of its vapor. Cool
the container well before opening, and
cover the closure with a cloth or similar
material while opening
2. Diluted ammonia soluiton USP
- prepared by diluting 398 mL of Strong
Ammonia Soluiton with enough
Purified Water to make 1000 mL
AMMONIA
- this product is dispensed on demand
for “household ammonia” and known
as “ammonia water”
- recognized officially as pharmacuetical
aid for the preparation of Aromatic
Spirit of Ammonia
3. Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate Soluiton
(Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate; Howe)