EF-Tu binding tRNA

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Transcript EF-Tu binding tRNA

蛋白质的合成
Protein Synthesis (Translation)
宋潇达
2014.12
2. SALT活力测定:洁净干燥试管4支,即测定管、对照管各2支
试剂
血清, ml
SALT底物溶液,
ml
测定管
对照管
0.1
0.5
0.1
____
37℃水浴30min
2,4-二硝基苯肼溶液, ml
SALT底物溶液, ml
0.5
____
0.5
0.5
37℃水浴20min
0.4mol/L氢氧化钠溶液,
ml
5.0
5.0
室温下静置10min
1.
4根干燥试管的用途是什么?
2.
样品测定为什么要使用对照管?
3.
样品测定的酶反应怎样终止?
4.
血清样品和底物在使用前最好提前放置于水浴中预热,
1
保证反应时的温度的准确性
5.
反应温度和计时要准确
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Section 1. 本章总览
Section 2. mRNA与遗传密码子
Section 3. tRNA,氨酰tRNA合成酶及其氨酰化
Section 4. 核糖体及多肽链的合成
Section 5. 真核细胞蛋白合成
Section 6. 翻译后加工及转运
目录
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Section 1. 本章总览
翻译
Translation
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氨基酸
mRNA
tRNA
氨酰tRNA合成酶
核糖体
释放因子
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多肽链的合成
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合成的准确率
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Section 2. mRNA与遗传密码子
mRNA
5’端非转译区;开放阅读框;3’端非密码区
SD序列 顺反子
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遗传密码子
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遗传密码子
每一个氨基酸对应一个三联密码子。由G,C,A,T四种组成(根据双链DNA)
共有43 = 64 种可能
连续性:密码子之间没有空格(unpunctuated) ;没有重叠 (non-overlapping).
简并性:1 codon = 1 AA;1 AA = 多个codon
通用性:原核,真核,古菌;线粒体,叶绿体。
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遗传密码子
摆动性: “wobble” 密码子的第三个碱基(3’末端的碱基);反密码子环的5’第一
个碱基。
Anticodon
Codon
3'…C-A-U…5'
5'…G-U-A…3'
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遗传密码子
Met只有一个密码子AUG;同样也是起始密码子。
起始密码子对应的是fMet-tRNA(原核),Met-tRNA(真核)
终止密码子三种(真核和原核是一样):
UAA = ochre 赭石; UAG = amber 琥珀; UGA = opal 白石
终止密码子对应的是释放因子Release Factor
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突变
有义突变
无义突变
移码突变
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Section 3. tRNA,氨酰tRNA合成酶及其氨酰化
Transfer RNA
G at the 5‘ end,
CCA at the 3' end
“D” loop
anti-codon loop
TψC loop
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tRNA-mRNA
The numbering
here should be
reversed to show
the normal codon:
anticodon view.
Base pairing for
yeast Ala tRNA.
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简并性的原因
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Base Modification
Methylation
Reduction.
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General tRNA
Structure
Shows the
significant parts
of tRNA.
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Space filling Model
Colors match
the previous
planar
representation.
Shows L-shape.
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Skeletal Model
Phe tRNA.
Shows Lshape.
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tRNA的氨酰化
因为热力动力学的优势,为了多肽的合成,氨基酸的羧基必须活化。
氨基酸的羧基活化是由氨酰tRNA合成酶所催化。
有20多种氨酰tRNA合成酶(每个对应一种氨基酸)
催化氨基酸的羧基连到tRNA的3’羟基形成酯键
分为两步进行:
1.
形成氨酰AMP(Aminoacyl-AMP )
2.
形成氨酰tRNA(aminoacyl-tRNA)
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Aminoacyl tRNAs
1. Formation of aminoacyl-AMP:
AA + ATP -- > AA-AMP + PPi
The aminoacyl-AMP is a mixed anhydride and the PPi goes
to 2 Pi.
2. Formation of aminoacyl-tRNA:
AA-AMP + tRNA -- > AA-tRNA + AMP
The mixed anhydride reacts with the 3'OH (an alcohol) to
give and ester and and acid (AMP).
Net:
AA + ATP + tRNA -- > AA-tRNA + AMP + 2 Pi 21
终产物 Activated Amino Acid
An amino acid is
attached to 3' end of
tRNA as an
aminoacyl group.
Some attachments
are made to the 3'
OH and others are to
the 2' OH. These
later move to the 3'
OH.
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第一步中间体
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Similar Structures
Thr, Ser and Val
have side chains
that are spatially
similar.
How are specific
match-ups of the
correct AA and
tRNA made?
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Thr tRNA
Synthetase
Zn++ binding to
α-NH2 and the
side chain OH
excludes Val
binding.
Mistakes occur
with Ser.
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Error
Correction
Ser bound to Thr
tRNA is recognized by
the editing site in the
synthetase and Ser is
hydrolyzed.
This occurs without
dissociation from the
enzyme.
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Model of
tRNA and
Synthetase
Shows proximity of
the active site to
the editing site.
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Structural
Model
The Thr tRNA synthetase
complex.
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Abbreviated
Structure
Directs the correct
amino acylation
without an anti-codon
loop.
Indicates that not all
synthetases require
the anti-codon.
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Classes of Synthetases
Synthetases fall into two classes, each is specific
for 10 of the amino acids.
Class I enzymes tend to be monomers, the CCA
is in a hairpin structure and they acylate the 3'
OH.
Class II enzymes tend to be dimers, the CCA is in
a helical structure and they acylate the 2' OH.
Also, enzymes of each class bind to a different
face of tRNA.
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Section 4. 核糖体及多肽链的合成
核糖体
核酸和蛋白组成的复合体,联系tRNA,mRNA以及合成
蛋白。由rRNA核包被蛋白质。
原核生物 ~104 ribosomes/cell
真核生物 ~107 ribosomes/cell
细菌干重的50%是核糖体。
每个核糖体有三个位点,E,P,A;也有三个位点的说
法,P,A。
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核糖体的结构
原核生物
真核生物
70S 50S+30S
80S 60S+40S
23S RNA 16SRNA
28S RNA
18S RNA
5S RNA
5.8S RNA
5S RNA
~21 ~31 proteins
~40 ~30 proteins
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原核生物核糖体
Procaryotic Ribosome
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16S rRNA
Secondary
and tertiary
structure.
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转录的方向
Synthetic messenger
Protein product
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原核生物
转录和翻译偶联
在一起。
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起始 Initiation
这一步是翻译的限速步骤。rate limiting step
起始位点的决定是由mRNA和3‘ 末端的16S rRNA 以及密
码子和反密码子环(mRNA和起始tRNA)相互作用。
大肠杆菌的起始密码子是AUG,一般是在5‘ end of mRNA
的downstream。保守的富含嘌呤序列, GGAG, 称为 ShineDelgarno sequence
AUG 一定是起始密码子吗?
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Initiation Sequences
Bacterial and viral.
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大肠杆菌翻译的起始 E.coli Initiation
Met的tRNA分为两种
a.
tRNAf 用于起始密码子;Met-tRNAf
b.
tRNAm 用于Met的引入,但也识别起始密
码子;Met-tRNAm
Met-tRNAf by synthetase it is formylated by a
formyl transferase using N10-formylFH4.
Met-tRNAf + N10-formylFH4. -- > formylMettRNAf + FH4
当翻译结束后,蛋白N-term formylMet 会被脱
甲酰或者被移除。
deformylase enzyme or an aminopeptidase,
resspectively.
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FormylMettRNAf
Other Met
uses tRNAm.
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Ribosome Binding Sites
E for exit, P for peptidyl and A for aminoacyl.
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Another View
mRNA是在30S 亚
基之内; E, P,A
位点空间在 30S
和 50S 亚基之间。
只有tRNA在P & A
位点才会绑定
mRNA.
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大肠杆菌翻译的起始 E.coli Initiation
起始,延长,终止都需要一些蛋白的参与。
在大肠杆菌E.coli 中由三种蛋白起始因子, IF1,IF2和 IF3.
这些蛋白仅仅在翻译起始时绑定在核糖体上。
起始复合体(initiation complex)
是由30S rRNA, the IFs, fMet-tRNAf and mRNA组成.
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30S + IF1 + IF3 -- >
30S•IF1•IF3 (IF3 防止 50S 的绑
定; 直到fMet-tRNAf 和 mRNA
绑定)
IF2 with GTP seeks and binds
fMet-tRNAf 结合 30S•IF1•IF3.
IF2 + GTP -- > IF2•GTP + fMettRNAf -- > IF2•GTP•fMet-tRNAf
IF2•GTP•fMet-tRNAf +
30S•IF1•IF3 -- > IF2•GTP•fMettRNAf•30S•IF1•IF3
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mRNA now comes in and binds
correctly causing a conformational
change that expels IF1 and IF3.
IF2•GTP•fMet-tRNAf•30S•IF1•IF3 +
mRNA -- >
IF2•GTP•fMet-tRNAf•30S•mRNA
+ IF1 + IF3
IF2 promotes association of the 50S
subunit, GTP hydrolyzes to GDP
and IF2 dissociates. This yields the
70S initiation complex.
IF2•GTP•fMet-tRNAf•30S•mRNA +
50S -- >
IF2•GDP + fMet-tRNAf
•30S•mRNA•50S
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大肠杆菌翻译的延长 Elongation
起始之后fMet-tRNAf 在P-site 其他两个位点为空。
多肽合成的方向是N-term to C-term分为三步(~18 residues/sec)
1. GTP依赖,密码子介导绑定aminoacyl tRNA 到A-site。
2. 将P-site的多肽链转移到A-site氨基酸上形成新的多肽。
3. 将空的tRNA 从P-site转移到E-site,之后解离。 转位反应,将peptidyl
tRNA从A-site 移动到P-site;同时将70S向mRNA的下一个密码子移动.
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Elongation Events
E.coli uses only 3' tRNA esters in elongation. It also
uses three elongation factors, EF-TU, EF-TS and
EFG (a translocase).
Step 1. EF-TU needs GTP, is responsible for getting the
correct AA tRNA into the A-site and will bind to any AA
tRNA except initiator.
EF-Tu + GTP -- > EF-Tu•GTP
EF-Tu•GTP + AA tRNA -- > EF-Tu•GTP•AA tRNA
EF-Tu•GTP•AA tRNA + A-site -- >
EF-Tu•GTP•AA tRNA•A-site (if matched)
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EF-Tu
binding
tRNA
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Elongation Events
If a match is made then GTP hydrolyzes and EF-Tu•GDP
dissociates. GTP will not hydrolyze unless a
codon/anticodon match is made. Now, a new GTP
needs to exchange for GDP to reactivate EF-Tu, this
requires EF-Ts.
EF-Tu•GDP + EF-Ts -- > EF-Tu•EF-Ts + GDP
EF-Tu•EF-Ts + GTP -- > EF-Tu•GTP + EF-Ts
Step 2. Peptidyl transferase activity catalyzes movement
of the peptidyl chain to the amino group of the AA
tRNA in the A-site. This enzyme is a ribozyme and
does not use ATP.
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Elongation Events
Step 3. Movement tRNA from site P to E and A to P as
well as translocation along mRNA (three residues)
requires elongation factor G (EFG) and GTP. GTP
hydrolysis promotes movement along mRNA and
concommitant change in site position. As GTP
hydrolyzes EFG•GDP dissociates from 70S.
EFG + GTP -- > EFG•GTP
EFG•GTP + 70S (P & A occupied) -- > complex
-- > EFG•GDP + 70S (E & P occupied)
Another GTP displaces GDP from EFG.
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Elongation Model
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Elongation Reaction
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Movement on mRNA
Binding EFG•GTP
Movement on mRNA &
Hydrolysis of GTP
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大肠杆菌翻译的终止 Termination
大肠杆菌使用3个释放因子RF1, RF2 and RF3.
当终止密码子出现在A-site即在转位之后RFs进入A-site。
RF1 if UAG or UAA.
RF2 if UGA or UAA.
RF3 binds GTP and augments RF1 and RF2.
The peptide is hydrolyzed from the P-site along with
hydrolysis of GTP.
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多肽的移除.
P-site水解
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Termination Events
Binding RF1
at A-site.
Cleavage of
Peptide
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Energy Cost
per
residue
激活
ATP -- > AMP
2
Synthetase
延长
GTP -- > GDP
GTP -- > GDP
1
1
EF-Tu, step 1
EFG, step 3
per
protein
起始
终止
GTP -- > GDP
GTP -- > GDP 1
1
RF3
IF2, 70S
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Processing the Protein
70S 核糖体通道的长度为 ~30 residues long.
当蛋白离开核糖体,修饰就开始。
Cotranslational modifications occur before translation is
complete and those after completion are posttranslational.
Hydroxylation
Methylation
Amidination
Phosphorylation
Disulfide formation
Iodination
4HPro, 5HLys
MeLys, MeGlu
Asn, Gln, C-term
Ser, Thr, Tyr
Cys
Tyr
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真核的翻译 Eucaryotic Translation
核糖体比较大 (80S).
更多的起始因子 initiation factors (eIFs). eIFs 和 polyA 绑定蛋白推动
mRNA的环化.
Met不被甲酰化。第一个AUG是起始位点,没有Shine-Delgarno 序列。
有三个延长因子,类似大肠杆菌。
有一个release factor (RF) 识别所有的终止密码子。
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Section 6. 翻译后加工及转运
一.多肽链N端修饰
多肽链水解修饰 (酶原类似)
氨基酸的共价修饰
二.多肽折叠
酶
分子伴侣
三.亚基聚合和辅基连接
四.合成后转运
信号肽
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翻译抑制剂:
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谢谢大家!
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