Transcript Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic

SC.912.L.15.8 DESCRIBE THE SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATIONS OF THE
ORIGIN OF LIFE ON EARTH
Essential Question
What are three scientific hypotheses about how
and where life began on earth?
3 HYPOTHESIS REGARDING THE ORIGIN OF LIFE
1.
2.
3.
Deep sea hydrothermal vents
Surface conditions (Stanley/Urey experiment)
Panspermia
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DEEP SEA HYDROTHERMAL VENTS
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
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amino-acid synthesis could have
occurred deep in the Earth's crust
and that these amino-acids were
subsequently shot up along with
hydrothermal fluids into cooler
waters, where lower temperatures
and the presence of clay minerals
would have fostered the formation of
peptides and protocells.
abundance of CH4 (methane) and
NH3 (ammonia) present in
hydrothermal vent regions, a
condition that was not provided by
the Earth's primitive atmosphere
Methane and Ammonia helped with
the formation of peptides and
protocells.
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MILLER/UREY EXPERIMENT
Click here
http://glencoe.mcgrawhill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/c
hapter26/animation_-_miller-
PANSPERMIA
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Life did not begin on Earth at all, but was brought
here from elsewhere in space.
-Rocks regularly get blasted off Mars by cosmic
impacts, and a number of Martian meteorites have
been found on Earth that some researchers have
controversially suggested brought microbes over
here, potentially making us all Martians originally.
-Life might have hitchhiked on comets from
other star systems.
ASSUME A GROUP OF SCIENTISTS HAS MANAGED TO SET UP AN EXPERIMENT SIMULATING THE CONDITIONS
OF EARLY EARTH THAT RESULTED IN A CELL WITH DNA USING RNA TO PRODUCE PROTEINS FROM AMINO
ACIDS AS MODERN CELLS DO. WHAT CONCLUSION COULD THEY DRAW FROM THIS EXPERIMENT?
A.
B.
C.
D.
It is possible for a cell similar to a modern cell to form under the conditions of the experiment.
Modern cells developed from inorganic compounds in the conditions that existed on early
Earth.
The conditions of their experiment exactly replicated the conditions found on early Earth.
The way modern cells function is the only way a cell could be constructed and survive.
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SC.912.L.15.4
DESCRIBE HOW AND WHY ORGANISMS ARE HIERARCHICALLY CLASSIFIED AND
BASED ON EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
SC.912.L.15.5
EXPLAIN THE REASONS FOR CHANGES IN HOW ORGANISMS ARE CLASSIFIED
Essential Questions
How are organisms classified based on evolutionary relationships?
How were organisms classified in the past, and why did this change?
WHAT IS CLASSIFICATION AND WHY DO WE USE
IT??
Classification, or Taxonomy, is the
arrangement of organisms into
orderly groups based on their
similarities
 Hopes to show relationships
among organisms
 Is a way to provide UNIVERSAL
identification of an organism

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BENEFITS TO CLASSIFICATION
•
Accurately & uniformly names organisms
•
Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish
that aren't really fish
•
•
Uses same language (Latin or some
Greek) for all names
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TO AVOID CONFUSION…
LATIN NAMES ARE RECOGNIZED BY ALL
TAXONOMISTS…
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
•
•
•
1707
18th century
taxonomist, classified
organisms by their
structure
Developed naming
system still used
today, called the
“Father of Taxonomy”
Developed the
modern system of
naming known as
binomial
nomenclature: Twoword name (Genus &
species)
– 1778
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HIERARCHY
Originally classified by
their structure,
organisms are now
classified by
similarities in DNA
(which determines an
evolutionary
relationship)
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Dumb
 King


Phillip

Came

Over

For

Great

Soup!
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Binomial nomenclature
•Turdus=genus
Turdus
migratorius
•migratorius=species
American Robin
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
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DISCUSS: Which TWO are more closely related? How do you know?
SHOWING EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS

Cladogram:
links groups of
organisms by
showing how
evolutionary
lines (lineages)
branched off
from common
ancestors
TAKE A GUESS…
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Are amphibians more closely
related to mammals or ray finned
fish?
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DISCUSS: ARE
AMPHIBIANS
MORE CLOSELY
RELATED TO
MAMMALS OR
RAY FINNED FISH?
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• Circle the point on the
cladogram that shows
the most recent
common ancestor of the
crab and the barnacle
• Mark an X on the point
on the cladogram that
shows the most recent
common ancestor of
mollusks and
crustaceans
• Underline the
characteristic that all
three organisms have in
common
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The mountain whitefish (Prospopium
williamsoni), lake herring (Leucichthys artedi),
and Menominee whitefish (Prospopium
quadrilaterale) all belong to the family Coregonidae.
Which two of these fish are most closely related to
each other, and how do you know?
A. mountain whitefish and the Menominee
whitefish, because they are both called whitefish
B. lake herring and Menominee whitefish,
because they both belong to the same species
C. mountain whitefish and the Menominee
whitefish, because they belong to the same genus
D. lake herring and Menominee whitefish,
because they both belong to the same order
SC.912.L.15.6
DISCUSS DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
DOMAIN SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
DISCUSS DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
KINGDOM SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
Essential Questions
What are the distinguishing characteristics of the Domains
Archaea and Bacteria?
Why are the distinguishing characteristics of each of the
kingdoms in the six kingdom classification system?
COMPARING CLASSIFICATION
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SCHEMES
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Linnaeus divided all known forms of life
between the plant and animal kingdoms
Where do prokaryotes fit in such a system?
Can they be considered members of the
plant kingdom? And what about fungi?
American ecologist Robert H. Whittaker
proposed a five-kingdom system
Three Domains: A domain is a taxonomic
category above the kingdom level

recognizes three basic groups: two domains of
prokaryotes—the Bacteria and the Archaea—and
one domain of eukaryotes, the Eukarya
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6 Kingdom classification system
Practice:
 Write down the order of classification from
most broad to most specific

Use Binomial Nomenclature laws to correctly
write the following:
 Your first and last name
 homo sapiens
 canis Familiaris
 Felis Domestica
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DOMAINS
 Domain
Bacteria:
Unicellular
 Prokayotic
 Thick, rigid cell walls surrounding a
cell membrane
 Cell walls contain peptidoglycan
 Correspond to Kingdom Eubacteria
 Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
 Example: E. coli, Streptococcus

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DOMAINS

Domain Archea







Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Cell wall surrounds a cell
membrane
Cell wall does not contain
peptidoglycan
Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
Correspond to the Kingdom
Archeabacteria
Includes extremophiles (live in
harsh environments) like halophiles,
methanogens
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DOMAINS
 Domain
Eukarya
 Contains
all organisms that have
a nucleus (Eukaryotic)
 Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
 Can be unicellular or multicellular
 Some have cell wall and some do not
 Corresponds to Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae,
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and Animalia
KINGDOMS
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Kingdom Protista:
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Mostly unicellular
Some autotrophic,
some heterotrophic
Some have chloroplasts
(algae)
Example: amoeba,
paramecium, giant kelp
KINGDOMS
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Kingdome Fungi:
 Heterotrophic
 Cell
walls made of chitin
 Some unicellular, some
multicellular
 Example: mushrooms,
yeasts
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KINGDOMS

Kingdom Plantae
Multicellular
 Autotrophic
(photosynthetic)
 Nonmotile
 Cell walls of cellulose
 Have chloroplasts
 Example: mosses, ferns,
flowering plants

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KINGDOMS
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Kingdom Animalia:
 Multicellular
 Heterotrophic
 No
cell walls or
chloroplasts
 Example: sponges,
worms, insects,
fishes, mammals
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The two domains composed only of
unicellular are:
A. Eubacteria and Archaea
B. Eukarya and Bacteria
C. Archaea and Bacteria
D. Archaea and Eukarya
SC.912.L.15.10
IDENTIFY BASIC TRENDS IN HOMINID EVOLUTION FROM EARLY
ANCESTORS SIX MILLION YEARS AGO TO MODERN HUMANS,
INCLUDING BRAIN SIZE, JAW SIZE, LANGUAGE, AND
MANUFACTURING OF TOOLS.
Essential Questions
What are the major characteristics and the major
evolutionary groups of primates?
What are some basic trends in hominid evolution?
What is the taxonomic classification of man?
TRENDS IN PRIMATE EVOLUTION
Primates are difficult to characterize as an order because they lack the strong
specializations found in most other mammalian orders
We can, however, point to several trends in their evolution that help
define primates and are related to their arboreal, or tree-dwelling, ancestry
These include:
 changes in the skeleton and mode of locomotion,
 an increase in brain size (enlarged cerebrum),
 a shift toward smaller, fewer, and less specialized teeth,
 the evolution of stereoscopic vision
 a grasping hand with opposable thumb
NOTE: Not all these trends took place in every primate group, nor did they evolve at the
same rate in each group
PRIMATES ARE MAMMALS THAT HAVE:
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Opposable thumbs
Large brain (enlarged cerebrum)
Good, stereoscopic (binocular) vision
Ability to brachiate (move by using the arms to swing from
branch to branch)
Flexible elbows for hand rotation
Grasping feet
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EARLY PRIMATES
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Appeared 60-65 million years ago
Prosimians, or lower primates
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include the lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, and tree
shrews
They are arboreal, have five digits on each hand
and foot with either claws or nails, and are
typically omnivorous
They have large, forwardly directed eyes
specialized for night vision, hence most are
nocturnal
Anthropoids, or higher primates


include monkeys, apes, and humans
Subdivided into 3 superfamilies: Old World
Monkey, New World Monkey, and Great Apes
(Hominoids)
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HOMINID EVOLUTION
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Hominids developed 5-8 million yrs ago
Hominids are bipedal
First hominids were in genus Australopithecus


“Lucy” most famous fossil hominid
More modern hominids were in genus Homo
Australopithecus
afarensis
Homo habilis
Homo
neanderthalensis
*Homo sapiens fossils date to 200,000 years ago.
*Human evolution is influenced by a tool-based culture.
*There is a trend toward increased brain size in hominids.
Homo sapiens