Transcript hypercholesterolaemia

TG HAJAR ASYIQIN BINTI TENGKU IBRAHIM
D11A036
NURUL SYUHADA BINTI RIBUAN
D11A032
HERLINA BINTI MOHD RAPI
D11A010
NIK NUR AFINA BINTI NIK ALWI
D11A021
WHAT IS HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA?
What is Hypercholesterolemia
 the presence of high levels of cholesterol in cells and
plasma of the circulating blood.
 It is a form of hyperlipidemia (elevated levels
of lipids in the blood and hyperlipoproteinemia
(elevated levels of lipoproteins in the blood).
What animal involve?
 Commonly occurs at lactating cow.( Saunders)
It also can be occur in dog.
THE CAUSES OF
HYPERCHOLESTROLEMIA
1. DIET
2. GENETICS
cause of hypercholesterolemia
 Your diet.
- You can decrease your risk of high cholesterol by reducing the amount of
saturated fat and cholesterol in fat that you eat.
 Your age and sex.
-The risk of high cholesterol increases with age for both men and women. Men
are at higher risk than women, but after menopause, women start to catch up
to men.
 Not enough physical activity.
-You can decrease this high-cholesterol risk by getting some exercise for at least
30 minutes most days of the week.
 Being overweight.
-Dropping some pounds and maintaining a healthy weight can help decrease
this risk factor for high cholesterol.
High Cholesterol Diet
 Trans fatty acids food
- Fast food, canned soups, frozen meals and various
pudding and peanut butter
 Saturated Fat Food
- Animal-derived foods
- Plant-derived sources
Healthy diet
 Cut down on saturated fats and trans fats. >10% of
your daily calories should come from saturated fat.
 Avoid trans fats completely. 2% increase in energy
intake from trans fats increases the heart disease by
23%. Choose unsaturated fats, such as olive oil and
canola oil, instead.
 Eat fatty fish. The American Heart Association
recommends people eat at least twice of fatty fish
per week.
 Eat phytosterols and stanols found in nuts, seeds,
vegetable oils, and fortified food products, such as
orange juice, yogurt, margarine spreads, and salad
dressing. Studies show that eating spreads enriched
with phytosterols per day reduced total cholesterol
by up to 11% and LDL cholesterol by up to 15%.
 Eat whole grains - whole wheat bread and pasta,
oatmeal, oat bran, and brown rice.
 Eat more fruits and vegetables, which are high in fiber
and can help lower cholesterol levels. Studies show
that plant based diets are associated with decreases in
total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol of up to
15%.Limit cholesterol in diet. The highest amounts are
found in egg yolks, whole milk products, and organ
meats.
 Lowering your cholesterol may involve more than diet
alone. To get the most benefits, pair your healthy diet
with 30 to 60 minutes of daily exercise and toss out
your cigarettes if you smoke.
 You may also end up needing to take a cholesterollowering pill for more rapid results but that doesn't
exempt you from making healthier lifestyle choices.
HOW GENETICS CAN CAUSE
HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA?
GENETICS CAUSES OF FAMILIAL
HYPERCHOLESTEROLAEMIA
•Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an inherited disorder
due to high concentration of serum LDL cholesterol.
•FH are the result from defects in the hepatic uptake and
degradation of LDL via the LDL-receptor pathway.
•It commonly caused by a loss-of –function mutation in :
1.
2.
3.
4.
LDL-receptor gene (LDLR)
APOB
LDLRAP1,
PCSK9
LDL-receptor gene
The LDLR gene provides instructions for making a
protein called a low-density lipoprotein receptor.
This type of receptor binds to particles called low-density
lipoproteins (LDLs), which are the primary carriers of
cholesterol in the blood.
The receptor needed to remove low-density lipoproteins
from the bloodstream,
LDLR Mutation
number of lowdensity lipoprotein
receptors produced
within cells are
reduced.
HYPERCHOLESTROLEMIA
High level
of blood
cholesterol
cholesterol deposited
abnormally in tissues
such as the skin,
tendons, and arteries
APOB
Five mutations in the APOB gene are known to cause a
hypercholesterolemia called familial defective
apolipoprotein B-100 (FDB).
Each of these mutations changes a single protein
building block (amino acid) in a critical region of
apolipoprotein B-100.
ABOP mutation
excess cholesterol
circulates through
the bloodstream, it is
deposited
abnormally in
tissues and cause
HYPERCHOLESRTR
OLEMIA
a single protein
building block
(amino acid) in a
critical region of
apolipoprotein B100 are changed
cholesterol
levels are
much higher
than normal
prevents LDL
from
effectively
binding to
their receptors
on the surface
of cells
fewer LDLare
removed from the
blood
LDLRAP1
More than 10 mutations in the LDLRAP1 gene have
been shown to cause a form of inherited high
cholesterol called autosomal recessive
hypercholesterolemia.
LDLRAP1 gene
mutation
excess cholesterol
circulates through
the bloodstream, it
is deposited
abnormally in
tissues and may
cause
HYPERCHOLEST
ROLEMIA
abnormally small,
non-functional of
LDLRAP1 protein or
prevent cells from
making any of this
protein
low-density
lipoprotein
receptors are
unable to LDL
from the
bloodstream
effectively
extra low-density
lipoproteins
remain in the
blood
extra LDL
remain in the
blood.
PCSK9
• several PCSK9 mutations can cause an inherited
form of high cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia).
•These mutations change a single protein building
block (amino acid) in the PCSK9 protein.
•Researchers describe the mutations responsible for
hypercholesterolemia as "gain-of-function" because
they appear to enhance the activity of the PCSK9
protein or give the protein a new, atypical function.
•Researchers speculate that the altered protein may
cause these receptors to be broken down more
quickly than usual.
•With fewer receptors to remove low-density
lipoproteins from the blood, the body with gain-offunction mutations in the PCSK9 gene have very
high blood cholesterol levels.
•As the excess cholesterol circulates through the
bloodstream, it is deposited abnormally in tissues
and cause HYPERCHOLESTROLEMIA
SIGNS
• Lack of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal
•
•
•
•
•
discomfort
Acute pancreatitis, which can cause all the above signs
plus severe abdominal pain
Skin problems, such as hair loss or itching
Central nervous system signs, such as seizures
Inflammation inside one or both eyes that produces a
cloudy appearance
cholesterol deposition in tissues, e.g. corneal deposits
TREATMENT?
TREATMENT
• Control diet ; give less fat diet
• Fish oil supplement
• Regular monitoring
•
•
Drugs: Should be considered ONLY if dietary
therapy, above, is not producing the desired
results. The drug are bile acid sequestrants and
the HMG-Co-A reductase inhibitors
Treat all secondary problems resulting from
acute or chronic disease (e.g. diabetes,
seizures)
• hereditary hypercholesterolemia can be difficult to
treat and also should not be used for breeding.
• Most medications that are used in people, such as the
statin drugs (Lipitor, Pravachol, Zocor, etc.) are not
used in animals because of their tendency to cause
cataracts and other side effects.