Transcript Ch 2 Wetzel fill in the blanksx

Mrs. Wetzel
 In order to best understand how some things
work, one needs to break it down to the basics.
 Much of what occurs in biology is easier to
understand once we break it down to it’s basic
levels.
 Studying Biology at it’s most basic level is
______________
 When have you broken something down, in order to
make sense of it, or understand how it works?
 Your _______ and the cells of every other
__________on earth are mostly water. Water gives cells
structure and transports materials within an organism.
 Many substances ________ in the water in your body.
When one ________ dissolves in another a _________
is formed.
 A solution is a ________ of substances that is the
______ throughout, it is a ______________mixture
 A _________is the substance that is present in the
_________ amount and dissolves the other substance
 Some examples of solvents
are:___________________________________________
_______________________________________________
__________________
 As ________is a substance that dissolves in a solvent.
 Some examples of solutes
are:___________________________________________
____________________________
 Pretend you are making Kool- Aid
 Identify the solvent, solute, and solution
 Why can’t we survive more than a week without




water?
How do insects walk on water?
How does water rise up 300 feet from the roots of a
redwood tree?
Why does water take so long to boil?
Why do oil and water not mix?
Why?
Source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/photogallery-earth.html
 About _____ of the mass of a cell is made up of
water, and _____of the ______processes of life
occur in __________________ _________________.
http://www.lenntech.com/images/Water%20molecule.jpg
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/water_molecules_con_c_la_784.jpg
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/tutorials/chemistry/page3.html
______ molecules, with the _________ ______represented by the dotted lines
Source: www.personal.psu.edu/.../ bonddiagram.gif.
 ________ / Surface Tension
 _________
 High ______ capacity
 Solvent of polar and ionic compounds;
creates a ________ effect on nonpolar
substances
 ________ of ice less than liquid water
•________ _______
“stick” together
•Creates surface
tension
High Surface Tension
• Certain insects can walk on water because
of its _______ _______ _______.
•_______ gives water its high surface tension.
•Ex. Water strider
_________: the
tendency of
two ________
substances to
stick together.
• _______
molecules are
_______ to ________
molecules
– a special
case that results from the
relative attraction of the
molecules for each other
and the solid surface it’s in
contact with
• ________
Adhesion: the
tendency of two
DIFFERENT
substances to
stick together, like
water molecules
stick to glass.
Transpirati
on
 Leaf stoma & homeostasis
________ Action: the tendency of a
_______substance to move along the surface
of a solid substance due to _______ (as in
water climbing a glass tube or inside a tree),
even in ______ of _______ or other forces
acting in the opposite direction
 Hydro______- a chemical reaction where water is
involved.
• Hydro_____- “water loving” can be
dissolved in water, polar substances.
• Hydro_____- “water hating” cannot be
dissolved in water, non-polar substances,
Ex. fat, oil, soap
Like Dissolves Like
Resistance to Temperature
Change
 _______ is able to _______ a large amount of
heat energy before it _______ temperature.
•A great deal of E is
needed to break
___________________
•Temperature changes
are ______________
http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/01549/perspiration_1549996c.jpg
Specific Heat
•
_______– amount of
heat needed to change
the________of 1g. of a
substance 1degree
Celsius.
•
High specific heat allows
water to act as a heat
sink. ______ will _____
its temperature after
absorbing large amounts
of heat, and retain its
temperature after losing
equally large amounts of
heat.
• Large ______ of _____ can affect the
_______.
- As a result, lakes and oceans __________
air and land _________________.
•
Water _____
polar and ionic
substances due to
its ability to form
hydrogen bonds
• Water _____ dissolve ______
substances.
•________effect- results when water
molecules interact with each other
and exclude nonpolar substances
• Causes molecules like DNA to
fold into their specific shapes
• Ice is ______
______then water - it
______
• Ponds, lakes, streams,
ocean surfaces freeze
from the top down.
• Aquatic organisms
receive insulating
protection
Solid expansion
For most substances, solids are more dense than
liquids. But the special properties of water make
it less dense as a solid - ice floats on water!
When water freezes, the water
molecules line up, and as they do, they
move ______ ________ !
• ______ amounts of
heat E are needed to
disrupt ________
________.
• Heat helps water to
begin evaporating.
•Sweat evaporates
using the heat from
your body…cools
your body down!
Imagine how life on Earth
would change if hydrogen
bonding between water
molecules no longer could
form
An _____ is a compound that _______ a Hydrogen ion
(H+) when dissolved in water.
A solution that is ______ has a _____________
_________________of (H+) ions than a solution that is
basic.
 _______________ are compounds that ______________
hydrogen (H+) ions from a solution.
 A solution that is ________ has a ______ _________of
hydrogen (H+) ions
 The ______ scale is measures a solutions _________.
 In other words the pH scale measures the amount of
__________ in a _________
 How is pH related to Biology ?
 Ideal pH for human blood is between _____
– _______
 pH of greater than 7.8, or lower than 6.8 can
be ________
 ___________in your blood help prevent any
large changes in blood pH
 Substances added to water can lower or raise
the pH.
• A solution with a pH below 7 is
_______.
• A solution with a pH above 7 is ______.
 The pH
scale
ranges
from ___ to
_____
 The pH of
pure water
is ___.
 Organisms can tolerate only small changes in
pH because every cell has a particular pH at
which it functions best.
 For example, changes in pH cause changes in
the shapes of _______, resulting in a change in
their activity.
 In other words the enzyme becomes ________
 Most cells function best within a narrow range of
temperature and pH.
•At very low temperatures,
__________are too slow.
•High temperatures or extremes of
pH can irreversibly change the
structure of proteins and alter their
function.
 Carbon is often called the building block of
_____because carbon atoms are the basis of most
molecules that make up living things.
 Carbon has the ability to form ________ _______of
molecules because it has ______ unpaired electrons in
it’s outer energy level.
 In other words …it is easily bonds with other elements
including itself allowing it to make very large
molecules
 Compounds that contain CARBON are called
____________.
 ________________ are large organic molecules.
 Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell
 Carbon can form ________ ________with as
many as 4 other atoms (elements)
 Usually with H, O, N, or C
 Example: C6H12O6 (_________)
 There are _________ types of carbon based molecules
that make up all living things.
 These molecules have different structures and
functions, but are all formed around carbon chains
and rings
 Carbohydrates include _________ and _________.
 They can be broken down to provide a usable source of
_______ for cells
 They also play a major role in ________ ______
 Examples include: glucose, fructose, glycogen,
cellulose
 _______ organic molecules.
 Also called ____________.
 Made up of smaller “building blocks” called
MONOMERS.
 Examples:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
 Small ______ molecules to large sugar
molecules.
 Examples:
A. monosaccharide
B. disaccharide
C. polysaccharide
A. _________saccharide: ______sugar unit
 Examples: glucose (___________blood sugar)
glucose
deoxyribose
ribose
galactose (milk sugar)
fructose (honey)
B. _____saccharide: _____ sugar unit
 Example:sucrose = glucose + fructose
glucose
fructose
C. ______saccharide: _____ sugar units
 Examples:
glucose
starch (bread, potatoes)
glycogen (beef muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, corn)
chitin (exoskeletons)
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
cellulose
glucose
 The primary functions of carbohydrate macromolecules
are to:
 provide and store energy.
 Lipids are _____ _______ molecules that include
fats, oils, and cholesterol
 Lipids play an important role in providing
________ coverings for biological _________
 __________ is used by the body to control the
body’s response to stress and is involved in sexual
development of the reproductive system.
 General term for compounds which are not soluble in
water.
 Lipids are __________ in ________ solvents.
 Remember: “stores the _______ _______”
 Examples:
1. Fats
2. Phospholipids
3. Oils
4. Waxes
5. Steroid hormones
6. Triglycerides
 5 functions of lipids:
1. _____ term ______storage (fat)
2. Protection against _____ loss (insulation)
3. Protection against ______ loss & germs (oils &
waxes)
4. _________messengers
(hormones & steroids)
5. Major component of __________
(phospholipids)
 _____glycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3
_________
H
_______________.
O
H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
fatty acids
H-C----O C-CH -CH -CH -CH
2
2
2
H
glycerol
 There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see on
food labels:
1.
___________ fatty acids: no double bonds (bad)
2.
___________ fatty acids: double bonds (good)
saturated
unsaturated
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
 Proteins are made of _______ ________
 Organisms use _____different amino acids to build
proteins
 ____ amino acids are naturally made by your body
 The other ____must come from the food you eat
 Proteins are used by the body in a variety of
ways
 Build _________
 Replace and ______ cells
 Fight ________
 Interactions with sulfur groups and
hydrogen bonds are what determine the
_______ of a protein
 Amino acids (the building blocks of protein)
 2 kinds of amino acids
- essential & _____ __________ amino acids
- _____________amino acids cannot be
synthesized by our body & need to be
obtained through our diet
 7 functions of proteins:
1. Storage:
albumin (egg white)
2. Transport: hemoglobin
3. Regulatory:hormones
4. Movement: muscles
5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails
6. Enzymes: cellular reactions
7. Defense:
antibodies
 A protein’s structure depends on its specific
job
 The sequence of amino acids and the shape of
the chain are a consequence of attractions
between the chain’s parts.
 Four levels of protein structure:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Primary Structure (___°)
Secondary Structure (___°)
Tertiary Structure (___°)
Quaternary Structure (___°)
 Amino acids ______ together by _______ bonds.
Amino Acids (aa)
aa1
aa2
Peptide Bonds
aa3
aa4
aa5
aa6
 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary
structure into coils and pleats held together by
___________ bonds.
Two examples:
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
Hydrogen Bonds
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated
Sheets
 Secondary structures bend and fold into a more
complex 3-D arrangement.
 Called a “subunit”.
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
 Composed of 2 or more “subunits”.
 Example: enzymes (hemoglobin)
3° subunits
Subunits
 Two types of Nucleic Acids are ______, and _____
 DNA is the basis of genes and ______.
 DNA is useless by itself because it can not leave
the _______
 RNA helps decode DNA and aids in the
assembly of ________
 Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) control cell activities
by controlling ________ __________
 Two types:
1. deoxyribonucleic acid (______-double helix)
2. ribonucleic acid (______-single strand)
 Nucleic acids
are composed of long chains of ____________
 Nucleotides:
phosphate group
sugar (5-carbon)
nitrogenous bases
adenine (___)
thymine (___) - uracil (___) RNA
cytosine (___)
guanine (___)
Phosphate
Group
O
O=P-O
O
5
CH2
O
N
C1
C4
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
C3
C2
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or T)
5
O
3
3
P
5
O 5
O
C
G
1
P
3
2
4
4
P
5
P
2
3
1
O
T
P
3
A
O
3
5
O
5
P
 What is the difference between an amino acid
and a nucleic acid?
 Enzymes are proteins that help ______
______chemical reactions in the body
 Enzymes are _______ in their nature
 ______enzyme has only _____ reaction it can help
 Enzymes are ______ absorbed when they perform
their function.
 The same enzyme can be used _____ ____
_____again
 The __________ is what determines its activity
 _____ temperature or changes in _____ can affect
the shape of an enzyme and make it __________
 This is called ___________
 The place where a substrate connects to an enzyme
is called the _________ _____
 Enzymes and ____________ fit together like a lock
and key
 _________ reactions change substances into
different substances by __________and forming
________
 Chemical reactions need ___________ __________to
get the reaction started.
 How could this picture describe activation energy?
You want to roll the rock down the hill. Once you get it rolling,
you’ll be fine. But you first need to overcome the small hump. The
rock represents an the start of a reaction. The hump represents the
activation energy – how much effort it takes to get you started. Also
notice that once you get going, it’s easier to keep going than to
stop.
 A catalyst _________ the activation energy needed to
start a reaction. As a result it ________ up the rate of
the reaction.
 _________ work in living organisms to _______the
activation energy for reactions in living things.
 Amyl________ is an enzyme found in saliva that
breaks down starch into simple sugars.
