Transcript Bioavailability of Zn

What 6 key dairy additives should you
insist on everyday in every ration?
Dr. Mike Hutjens
Professor Emeritus
University of Illinois
Dr. Jack Garrett ACAN Dipl.
Director of Research and
Tech Support QualiTech
Six Feed Additives
You Want to Use
Dr. Mike Hutjens
University of Illinois
Feed ingredient added
to a ration to function in
a non-nutrient role
Reasons For Feed Additives
• Band aid to cover up poor management
• Correct a ration imbalance
• Under 10 cents per cow per day
• Enhance a productive response
– Rumen environment
– Milk yield or components
– Immunity / health / SCC
– Reproduction / fertility
U.S. Feed Additive Use
(Hoard’s Survey of All Herds)
2006
2010
-------------- % ------------
Buffers
Yeast/yeast culture
Rumensin
Niacin
Probiotics
Mycotoxin binders
Methionine
Anionic products
Feed bunk stabilizer
Don’t use
41
28
15
9
11
11
6
3
2
11
42
30
21
11
13
23
9
5 (13)
3
9
Which Feed
Additive(s)?
Hutjens’ List of Feed
Additives Recommended
• Rumen buffers
• Yeast culture/yeast products
• Monensin (Rumensin)
• Silage inoculants
• Biotin
• Organic trace minerals
Survey Question
Which additive would you select as most
important if you could only purchase one?
• Biotin
• Ionophore (Rumensin)
• Organic trace minerals
• Rumen buffer
• Yeast and yeast culture
Hutjens’ Priority
1. Rumen impact
a) Rumensin
b) Yeast and yeast culture
c) Sodium bicarb/S-carb
2. Silage inoculants
3. Organic trace minerals
(Zn, Se, Mn, & Cu)
4. Biotin
Hutjens’ “As Needs” List
• Propylene glycol (300 to 500 ml)
• Calcium propionate (150 grams)
• Niacin (3 g protected; 3 g unprotected)
• Mycotoxin binders
(clay mineral or yeast cell MOS compounds)
• Protected choline (15 g per day)
• Anionic products / salts (amount varies)
• Acid-based preservatives (baled hay and high
moisture corn (0.5 to 1%)
Additive
Update
Evaluating Additives
• Function
• Level
• Cost
• Benefit to cost
• Strategy
• Status
Monensin (Rumensin)
• Function: Improve feed efficiency for lactating cow, reduce
ketosis and displaced abomasums in transition cows, and
microbial selection. Increase 2.2 pounds milk per day.
Control cocci in calves and heifers.
• Level: 11 g to 22 g per ton of total ration dry matter
consumed (160 to 650 mg / cow / day)
• Cost: 1 cent per 100 mg per day
• Benefit to Cost Ratio: 5 to 1
• Feeding Strategy: Feed to dry cows (reduce metabolic
disorders) and lactating cow (feed efficiency) while monitoring
milk components to evaluate optimal levels of monensin.
• Status: Recommended
Yeast culture and Yeast
• Function: Stimulate fiber-digesting bacteria, stabilize
rumen environment, and utilize lactic acid.
• Level: 10 to 120 g depending on yeast culture
concentration
• Cost: 4 to 6 cents per cow per day
• Benefit to Cost Ratio: 4:1
• Feeding Strategy: Two weeks prepartum to ten weeks
postpartum, calf starter feeds, and during off-feed
conditions and stress periods
• Status: Recommended
Silage Bacterial Inoculant
• Function: To stimulate silage fermentation, reduce DM
loss, decrease ensiling temp, increase feed digestibility,
and improve forage surface stability
• Level: 100,000 colony forming units (CFU) per gram of
wet silage (Lactobacillus plantarium, Lactobacillus acidilacti,
Lactobacillus buchneri, Pediococcus cereviseai, Pediococcus
pentacoccus, and/or Streptococcus faecium)
• Cost: $0.60 to $3.00 per treated ton of wet silage
• Benefit to Cost Ratio: 6:1
• Feeding Strategy: Apply to all silages and high moisture
corn; and under poor fermentation situations
• Status: Recommended
Recommended Fermentation Profile for Ensiled Feeds
Measurement
Dry matter (%)
Legume/grass Corn Silage
35 to 50
30 to 35
H.M. Corn
70 to 75
pH
4.3 to 4.7
3.8 to 4.2
4.0 to 4.5
Lactic acid (%)
4.0 to 6.0
5.0 to 10.0
1.0 to 2.0
Acetic acid (%)
0.5 to 2.5
1.0 to 3.0
<0.5
Propionic acid (%)
<0.25
<0.10
<0.10
Butyric acid (%)
<0.25
<0.10
<0.10
Ethanol (%DM)
<1.0
<3.0
<2.0
Ammonia (%CP)
<12.0
<8.0
<10.0
Lactic/Acetate
>2.5
>3.0
>3.0
Lactic (% total)
>70
>70
>70
Organic Trace Minerals
• Function: Improve immune response, harden hoof health,
fertility, and somatic cell counts.
• Level: 25 to 33% of Zn, Cu, & Mn and
50 to 100% of supplemented Se levels
• Cost: 4 to 8 cents per cow per day
• Benefit to Cost Ratio: 4:1
• Feeding Strategy: Dry, transition, and early lactation
cows; herds experiencing hoof, somatic cell counts, and
wet environment challenges
• Status: Recommended
Trace mineral functions
Zinc
Copper
Manganese
Reproduction
Reproduction
Reproduction
Immunity
Immunity
Immunity
Skin integrity
Skin integrity
Growth
Hoof health
Bone structure
Skeletal formation
Nutrient metabolism
Mineral absorption
Energy metabolism
Bioavailability
227
SQM zinc
159
Zinc proteinate
227
Zinc chelate
219
Amino acid complex
206
Zinc methionine
100
Zinc sulfate
61
Zinc oxide
0
50
100
150
200
250
Feed Management Magazine 1996
Organic Selenium
• Cleared by FDA on Sept 3, 2003
• Source will be yeast raised on high selenium enriched
base (selenomethionine)
• 20-40% improvement in blood selenium levels
• May overcome low or poor absorption of inorganic
selenium (selenite/selenate forms)
• Added cost will be 1 cent/mg
• Replace half of the inorganic source reducing costs in
half for lactating cows / all for dry cows
(add 3 to 4 mg of organic selenium)
Buffers
• Function: Maintain rumen pH at 6.2, maintain
milk fat test, increase milk yield, reduce SARA
• Level: 200 to 300 g per day
• Cost: 6 to 9 cents per cow per day
• Benefit to Cost Ratio: 5:1
• Feeding Strategy: Corn silage based rations,
component fed herds, high starch diets, and
SARA situations
• Status: Recommended
Biotin
• Function: Improve hooves by reducing heel warts, claw
lesions, white line separations, sand cracks, and sole
ulcers; increase milk yield
• Level: 10 to 20 mg/cow/day for 6 months to 1 year
• Cost: 8 to 10 cents/cow/day
• Benefit to Cost Ratio: 4:1
• Feeding Strategy: Herds with chronic foot problems, may
require supplementation for 6 months before evaluation,
and company recommends beginning supplementation
at 15 months of age
• Status: Recommended
UW Trial 1 - Treatments
Vitamin
C
B
BBVit1x BBVit2x
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
20
150
150
120
0.5
3000
40
300
300
240
1.0
6000
0
0
475
950
0
0
100
200
(mg/c/d)
Biotin
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Pyridoxine
B12
Niacin
Pantothenic
acid
Folic acid
U of WI Trial 1 – Results
Item
C
B
BW, lb
1456
1461
1452
1459
9
DMI,
lb/d
55.0b 56.5a
55.0b
53.7b
0.9
Milk,
lb/d
81.8b 85.6a
84.3ab
82.5b
1.8
a,b Means
BBVit1x BBVit2x
SE
in the same row with different superscripts differ (P<0.05).
Hutjens’ “Watch” List
• Essential oil compounds
(0.5 to 1.5 g)
• Direct fed microbial products
(probiotics)
• Feed enzymes
What’s New With Additives
• Sodium bicarbonate fed at 0.75% DMI (higher
levels as intake increases); consider free-choice
(< 50 g/cow/day)
• Rumen protected niacin may be more effective
(85-93 destroyed by rumen microbes)
• Higher levels of yeast culture may be needed
with better responses top dressing the YC.
• Direct fed microbial DNA finger printing
• New cellulose enzymes coming
Take Home Messages
• Six additives can provide economic
returns to target herds
• Rumen additives can stabilize rumen
health and environment
• Organic trace minerals impact health /
immunity, hoof health, and reproduction
(milk production indirectly)
• Lameness continues to be an important
culling factor.
SQM Polytransport Technology
Dr. Jack Garrett ACAN Dipl.
Director of Research and Tech Support QualiTech
Trace minerals
Why we need them?
What limits their use?
What is SQM (Polytransport)?
How does it work?
When do I need it?
Poll Question
When you have used organic trace minerals, where have
you seen the biggest response?
• Immunity
• Reproduction
• Hoof Health
• Milk Production
• Haven't used organic trace minerals
Trace mineral functions
Zinc
Copper
Manganese
Reproduction
Reproduction
Reproduction
Immunity
Immunity
Immunity
Skin integrity
Skin integrity
Growth
Hoof health
Bone structure
Skeletal formation
Nutrient metabolism
Mineral absorption
Energy metabolism
Relative blood serum, %
Mineral status of cross-bred cattle
in different ovulation stages.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
A
A
A
A
B
A
B
C
B
C
C
B
Normal
Delayed
Anovulation
Ca
A,B,C P<0.01
Cu
Mn
I-P
Zn
Das et al., 2009
Bioavailability of mineral sources
Feedstuffs
Zinc
5-15%
Copper
1-5%
Manganese
<4%
Sulfate
Chloride
Carbonate
Oxide
20%
10%
10%
12%
5%
5%
--1%
1.2%
1.2%
0.15%
0.25%
Antagonists
Minerals
Sulfates
Fiber/Lignin
Oxygen compounds
Phosphates
Proteins and amino acids
Phytate
Others
Mineral Interactions
Zinc – Copper
Zinc – Sulfur
Zinc – Iron
Zinc – Calcium
Zinc – Phosphorus
Zinc – Cadmium
Copper – Zinc
Copper – Sulfur
Copper – Molybdenum
Copper – Iron
Copper – Manganese
Copper – Phosphorus
Copper – Cadmium
Copper – Silver
Manganese – Copper
Manganese – Magnesium
Manganese – Iron
Manganese – Calcium
Manganese – Phosphorus
Bioaccessibility of iron from soil is
increased by silage fermentation
S. L. Hansen and J. W. Spears, JDS 2009
Bioaccessibility of iron from soil is
increased by silage fermentation
S. L. Hansen and J. W. Spears, JDS 2009
Influence of supplemental iron on
trace mineral bioavailability.
Mineral
Liver
Kidney
Pancreas
Average
-------------------+Iron/-Iron, %---------------------Zinc
89.4
98.3
94.7
94.0
Copper
78.3
94.5
71.5
81.4
Manganese
84.2
NA
94.8
89.5
Unpublished data, 2010
Influence of high sulfate water on
relative liver trace mineral levels.
Year
Sulfate
Copper
2001
(84 days)
ppm
404
3087
3947
------% change from initial status-----104.7A
110.0
88.0
37.5B
125.9
83.2
41.1B
128.4
82.8
2002
441
(104 days) 1725
2919
4654
A,B
P<0.01
183.8A
43.7B
28.1B
22.3B
Manganese
101.1
101.0
100.0
98.0
Zinc
67.8
65.5
66.3
89.4
Wright and Patterson, 2005
Calculated copper absorption across various
dietary sulfur and molybdenum concentrations
Dietary Sulfur
g/kg
2.0
4.0
6.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
Dietary Molybdenum
mg/kg
Cu absorption
%
Change
%
1
1
1
0.5
1
2
5
10
20
100
4.6
3.1
2.1
4.3
4.2
3.9
3.14
2.17
1.0
0.30
67.4
45.7
93.5
91.3
84.8
68.3
47.2
21.7
6.5
NRC, 2001
What exactly is SQM™?
•
Organic Trace Mineral
•
Utilizing PolyTransport™ technology
•
Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Mg
•
Sequestered trace mineral using
electrostatic bonding
Polysaccharide chains surround trace mineral
ions creating the PolyTransport™ technology
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
ZnZn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
ZnZn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Dynamics in the Rumen
Rumen
Amino Acids
Oxalates
Proteins
Esophagus
Proteins
Fiber
Phytate
Reticulum
Phosphates
Sulfates
Phytate
Proteins
Amino Acids
Phosphates
Oxalates
SQM
Rumen bacteria
Trace mineral
Oxalates
Fiber
Phosphates
Sulfates
Omasum
Amino Acids
Fiber
Abomasum
Intestinal trace mineral dynamics
Intestinal trace mineral dynamics
Hypothetical model for transcellular
zinc absorption
Zip1
Zip2
Zip3
ZnT1
MT = Metallothionine
NSB = Nonspecific
binding constituents
CRIP = Cysteine-rich
intestinal protein
Adapted from Hempe
and Cousins (1992)
Bioavailability
• Decreased antagonism
• Increased absorption
• Decreased trace mineral
excretion
Relative bioavailability, %
Bioavailability of Zn
140
120
100
80
Liver
60
Tibia
40
20
0
Control
Inorganic
Organic
SQM
Relative zinc bioavailability
(Average tissue concentrations from 3 experiments)
200
152.4%
180
160
119.5%
140
120
100
Exp 1 (Plasma)
Exp 2 (Plasma)
Exp 3 (Plasma)
Exp 3 (Liver)
100%
58.3%
80
60
40
20
0
500 ppm ZnO 500 ppm Org-Pro Zn 500 ppm SQM Zn
Case and Carlson, 2002; JAS
3000 ppm ZnO
Bioavailability of SQM™
(Based on liver mineral content)
Sulfates
SQM
140
133.2
120
100
100
108.8
100
100
105.2
100
105.5
80
%
60
40
20
0
Copper
Zinc
Preconditioned calves
(45 days)
Engle and Burns, 2004
Copper
Zinc
Brood cows
(45 days)
Effect of source and antagonist on
mineral bioavailability in broilers
250
% of control
200
150
100
236.6
Sulfate
228.4
SQM
Sulfate w/Anta
SQM w/Anta
123.7
113.4
100.0
110.1
100.0
127.1
116.6
112.9
100.0
70.8
50
0
Zinc a
a
Sims and Garrett, 2010
Copper a
Source effect P<0.01
Manganese
Influence of diet, mineral source and an
antagonist on net mineral retention in broilers
Dietc
Mineral
Corn/Soy
Source
Purified
Inorganic
Antagonist
SQM
None
With
SE
-----------------------------% of intake------------------------------Zinc
47.07
49.82
40.79a
56.10b
49.96
46.93
4.15
Copper
19.46
19.79
18.58
20.67
20.58
18.66
1.87
Manganese
37.08
46.14
41.04
42.17
41.70
41.52
2.74
a, b
c
P<0.06
Diets formulated for 40 ppm Zn, 20 ppm Cu, 40 ppm Mn;
Inorganic diet used 100% sulfate source, SQM diet used 100%
organic sources; Antagonist = cottonseed hulls.
Sims and Garrett, 2010
Reproduction
•Herd improvement
•Reduced culling
•Improved performance
Reproductive performance of cows
and heifers
Item
Control
SQM-Mn
SQM-Mn,Cu,Zn
34
29
30
Initial wt, kg
568
537
543
Final wt, kg
552
532
539
d to 1st estrus
734
59 4
68 4
33 4a
19 4b
24 4b
1.6
1.1
1.3
45 9c
93 5d
79 8d
85.3
93.1
93.3
n
d to conception
Services/conception
Pregnant at 1st service, %
Conception rate, %
a,b
c,d
DiCostanzo et al, 1990
P<0.05
P<0.005
BCS by period
5.8
c, d diff. P<0.04
Body condition score
5.7
c
a, b diff. P<0.04
5.6
5.5
a
d
5.4
e
5.3
c, e diff. P<0.01
5.2
b
5.1
5
111 d before calving
1 x ING
Burns and Aznarez, 2005
Average calving date
1.5 x ING
SQM
130 d post calving
SQM™ Comparative Dairy Research
University of Minnesota
173
200
A
136
150
B
113 C
129 B
100
50
0
Days Open
Sulfates
100% SQM
33% SQM
33% SAAC
A,B,C P<0.05
Jones et al., 2000
SQM™ Comparative Dairy Research
University of Minnesota
100%
68%
80%
A
60%
29%
40%
B
32% B
28%
B
20%
0%
1st Service Conception Rate
Sulfates
100% SQM
33% SQM
33% SAAC
A,B
Jones et al., 2000
P<0.02
SQM™ Comparative Dairy Research
University of Minnesota
44%
50%
40%
28%
31%
30%
16%
20%
10%
0%
Culling Rate
Sulfates
Jones et al., 2000
100% SQM
33% SQM
33% SAAC
Immunity
•Herd improvement
•Reduced hoof problems
•Improved performance
SQM™ Comparative Dairy Research
University of Minnesota
46%
50%
40%
28%
30%
12%
20%
4%
10%
0%
% Mastitis
Sulfates
Jones et al., 2000
100% SQM
33% SQM
33% SAAC
Effect of zinc source on OVA IgG titers
40000
c, d diff. P<0.06
35000
c
Titer
30000
25000
d
20000
a, b diff. P<0.02
15000
a
10000
5000
b
0
d7
d 14
Zn Sulfate
Salyer et al., 2004; JAS
SQM Zn
d 21
Effect of pre-conditioning with different mineral
sources on IBR titer concentration in newly
received calves
6
5
Titer (log2)
4
3
2
1
0
d0
d7
Inorganic
Engle and Burns, 2004
d 14
SQM
d 21
Effect of zinc source on hoof health
1.2
a
a
Hoof Status
1
a, b, c diff. P<0.05
b
0.8
c
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Control
ZnO
Initial (d 0)
ZnProt
SQM Zn
Final (d 284)
Lower score indicates better hoof quality
Kessler et al., 2003; Live. Prod. Sci.
Effect of zinc source on hoof health
Before
After
Summary: Why use SQM™ with
Polytransport Technology™ trace minerals?
Better Bioavailability to assure Delivery
to the animal for:
•Best Reproduction
•Optimum Hoof Quality
•Immune System Response
•Superior Health
•Highest Performance
•Better Bottom Line
Questions and Answers
Dr. Mike Hutjens
Professor Emeritus
University of Illinois
Dr. Jack Garrett ACAN Dipl.
Director of Research and
Tech Support QualiTech
THANK YOU!