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Population Genetics Eye color Hair color Height Nose size Foot size Brown Black Green Blue Hazel Brown Blond Red Auburn Black R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E Asexual reproduction Time •Mutation Driven Changes •No Recombination to mix traits among individuals The Hypersaline Environment Haloarchaea in the 16S rRNA phylogeny •Aerobic •Heterotrophic •Obligate Halophiles Haloarchaea dominate the hypersaline environment •~35% NaCl (Saturation) •Low solubility of gasses •Low diffusion rates •High temperatures •High cell densities •Little/no primary production •Island-like Adaptive Characteristics of Halobacteria •Cytosolic salinity = environmental condition •Proteins consist of acidic amino acids – asp, glu •Utilize light energy •Gas vesicles •High surface to volume ratio Population genetics assessment of homologous recombination Ground level view •Sampled 3 sites: 2 salinity ponds from a Spanish saltern (Alicante, 36 & 22%) and an Algerian hypersaline lake (22%) ~250km away Google Earth view •Isolated 153 Halorubrum spp. strains, using the same medium •Sequenced 5 loci (~450nt ea.): 16S rRNA, AtpB, EF2, RadA and Bacteriorhodopsin (Bop) Halorubrum Concatenated 5-gene Phylogeny eBURST Results: Identifying “Clonal Complexes” Group 1 Group 3 Group 2 eBURST Results: Recombination vs. Mutation Assessing Recombination vs. Mutation Using Single Locus Variant Analysis Sequence Type 16S rRNA atpB bop Ef-2 Number of nucleotide Unique radA changes Allele? Recombination vs. Mutation Nucleotides Nucleotides Alleles Recombined Mutated Recombined Group 1 79 1 25 Group 2 34 0 12 Group 3 25 1 5 High Gene Flow Model: A Force for Homogenization and Diversification