Nutritional Support NUR 267 Pharm
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Transcript Nutritional Support NUR 267 Pharm
Nutritional Support
NUR 171 Pharm
Why TPN?
Physical Exam
Hair/nails/skin
Eyes
Oral cavity
Heart
Abdomen
Bones/joints
Neuro
Other Indices
Nitrogen Balance
Measures loss/gain of protein
Positive nitrogen balance is “anabolic state”
showing a gain in body protein for the day
Negative nitrogen balance shows a “catabolic
state” with a net low of protein…tissue is
breaking down faster than it can be replaced
Body uses glucose (converted from protein) for energy
E.g., fever, starvation, surgery, burns, disease
Nutritional Requirements
Carbohydrates
In IV is glucose
Provides energy
Spares protein
Stored as glycogen
Calories will vary depending on pt’s needs
Dextrose increases metabolic rate…raises
their ventilatory requirements
>20% dextrose into CVC
Nutritional Requirements
(Con’t)
Fats
Provides twice as many energy calories per
gram as either protein or carb
Needed for cell membranes
Prevents essential fatty acid deficiency
Regulates cholesterol metabolism
S/s of deficiency is alopecia, delayed wound
healing, decreased immunity, platelet
dysfunction, susceptibility to infection
See Table 15-4 for lipid emulsions
Nutritional Requirements
(Con’t)
Proteins
Promotes tissue growth/repair of body
cells
A component in scar tissue, antibodies
Amino acids basic units of protein
Requirements for healthy adults
0.8
g/kg/d
Critical states 1.2 to 2.5 g/kg/d
Other Nutrients
Electrolytes
May be in the solution or added
Includes potassium, magnesium,
calcium, sodium chloride, phosphorus,
chloride
Vitamins
Fat/water soluble
Trace elements
Zinc, selenium, nickel, iron, iodine
Parenteral Nutrition
Additives
Insulin
Due to the high glucose
concentration
Only “regular” insulin added IV
Heparin
1000 to 3000u/L may be added to
decrease potential formation of a
fibrin clot
Histamine inhibitors
Pepcid, Reglan, Zantac to alleviate
stress ulcers
Nutritional Support
Indications for TPN
A 10% deficit in pre-illness weight
Inability to take oral food/fluids within 7
days post-op, hypercatabolic situations
Fistulas, renal failure, hepatic failure
Ingestion of food is impaired
Prolonged pre/post-op period
Intake not sufficient to be anabolic
Peripheral Parenteral
Nutrition
PPN
Used short-term (up to two weeks)
Patients that cannot tolerate enteral
feeding
Patients that cannot have CVC access
Dextrose is <20%
Advantages
Increases calorie/fat source
Disadvantages
May cause phlebitis
Does not increase weight
Total Parental Nutrition
CV access can be used for a prolonged
period of time
Achieves tissue synthesis, repair,
growth
Advantages
20-70% dextrose as a calorie source
Restores nitrogen balance
Allows bowel to rest
Improves tolerance to surgery
Nutritionally complete
TPN (con’t)
Disadvantages
May require a surgical procedure to
insert a catheter
May cause metabolic complications
Fat emulsions in severely stressed pts.
May not be used effectively
Risk of pneumothorax with CVC insertion
procedure
Complications of TPN
Pneumothorax
Air Embolism
Vein thrombosis
Catheter malposition
Hyper/hypo glycemia
Potential for infection
Standards of Practice
Implementation/Monitoring standards
Formula will be sterile and properly stored
No additives to existing bag
Patients/families need education of home care
Monitor lab values
Weigh patient daily
Serum albumin levels
Check creatinine levels
Blood sugars every 6 hours
Home Health Care
Teach asepsis with equipment, TPN,
dressings, accessing line
Instruct patient to report any
malfunction with equipment or
complications with TPN
Assess ability to continue with TPN
Check if storage space available at
home
Give verbal/written instructions
Emergency intervention
General Guidelines
One cath lumen for TPN only
Same bag not to infuse past 24 hrs
Hang D10W if bag empty and new TPN
not available
Remove from fridge an hour prior to
hanging
Start first bag slowly…
Use infusion pump
Guidelines (con’t)
Monitor patient’s weight daily
Strict I&O
Chem panel drawn every 3 days
Assess oral and enteral intake prior to
d/c
Wean off TPN to prevent
hypoglycemia
Check accuchecks as ordered (e.g.,
q6h)
Nursing Diagnoses
Altered nutrition
Altered health maintenance
Altered tissue perfusion
Potential for infection