Transcript Biochemistry 2x

NiAbi, Connor, Michael, and Jean
Chapter 4
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Organic Chemistry- The study of carbon compounds (organic
compounds)
Hydrocarbons- Organic molecules consisting only of carbon and
hydrogen
Isomers- Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same
elements but different structures and different properties
Structural isomers- Differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms
Geometric isomers- Same covalent partnerships, but they differ in their
spatial arrangements
Enantiomers- isomers that are mirror images of each other
Functional group- Chemical groups that affect molecular function by
being directly involved in chemical reactions
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)- consisting of an organic molecule called
adenosine attached to a string of three phosphates that when reacts with
water creates adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a release of energy
Keytone- a carbonyl group within a carbon skeleton
Aldehyde- a carbonyl group on the end of a carbon skeleton
The main thought was that organic
compounds could only arise in living
organisms but then chemists synthesized
these compound in the lab disproving
vitalism.
Carbon can bond with various atoms forming
carbon skeletons of organic compounds.
These carbon skeletons vary in length and
shape creating the molecular diversity we see
in life today.
chemical groups attached to these carbon
skeletons participate in chemical reactions or
contribute to function by affecting molecular
shape, these groups are called functional
groups.
Name this
Hydrocarbon
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Methane
Ethene
Ethane
Ethylene
Both b and d
What kind of ethane
model is this?
a) Molecular formula
b) Structural formula
c) Ball-and-stick
model
d) Space-filling
model
e) None of the above
What is organic chemistry
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
The study of
The study of
The study of
living cells
The study of
The study of
vital forces
hydrocarbons
compounds made only by
vital forces
carbon compounds
Which chemical group would most likely be
responsible for an organic molecule
behaving as a base?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Amino
Carboxyl
Carbonyl
Hydroxyl
Phosphate
Which of the following hydrocarbons has a
double bond in its carbon skeleton?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
C3 H 8
C2 H 6
CH4
C2 H 2
C2 H 4
What structure is
this?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Adenosine
diphosphate
Glycerol phosphate
Acetic acid
Adenosine
triphosphate
Thiols
When ATP reacts with water what is created?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
An organic phosphate
Adenosine diphosphate
Energy
An inorganic phosphate
b, c, and d
What is it called when a carbonyl group is
within a carbon skeleton?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Keytone
Inlayed carbonyl
Aldehyde
Ketoses
Aldoses
What is an example of an amino?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Cysteine
Glycerol phosphate
Glycine
Propanal
5-Methyl cytidine
What gives vinegar its sour taste?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Amino acids
Acetic acid
All carboxylic acids
Thiols
Amines
Describe what happens and what is left when
adenosine triphosphate turns into
adenosine diphosphate.
Chapter
5
Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
◦ Examples
 Monosachharides
 glucose
 fructose
 Disaccharides
 lactose, sucrose
 Polysaccharides
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Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen
Chitin
◦ Functions
 Fuel
 Polysaccharide functions
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Cellulose, strengthens plant cell walls
Starch, stores glucose for energy
Glycogen, stores glucose for energy
Chitin, strengthens exoskeletons and fungal cell walls
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Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic
molecules
◦ Examples
 Triacylglycerols
 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
 Phospholipids
 phosphate group + 2 fatty acids
 Steroids
 four fused rings with attached chemical groups
◦ Functions
 Triacylglycerols
 Important energy source
 Phospholipids
 Lipid bilayers of membranes
 Steroids
 Component of cell membranes (cholesterol)
 Signaling molecules that travel through the body
(hormones)
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Proteins have many structures resulting in a wide range of functions
◦ Examples
 Enzymes
 Catalyze chemical reactions
 Structural proteins
 Provide structural support
 Storage proteins
 Store amino acids
 Transport proteins
 Transport substances
 Hormones
 Coordinate organismal responses
 Receptor proteins
 Receive signals from outside the cell
 Motor proteins
 Function in cell movement
 Defensive proteins
 Protect against disease
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Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary
information
◦ Examples
 DNA
 Sugar – Deoxyribose
 Nitrogenous bases – C, G, A, T
 Usually double-helix
 RNA
 Sugar – Ribose
 Nitrogenous bases – C, G, A, U
 Usually single stranded
◦ Functions
 DNA
 Store all hereditary information
 RNA
 Carries protein-coding instructions from DNA to proteinsynthesizing machinery
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Macromolecules – any large molecule, such as a protein or polymer,
consisting of several smaller structural units linked together.
Polymer - A substance that has a molecular structure built up chiefly
or completely from a large number of similar units bonded together.
Monomer - is a molecule that may bind chemically to other
molecules to form a polymer.
Enzymes – biological molecules that catalyze chemical reactions.
Carbohydrate – organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen. Encompass most sugars and sugar polymers
Polypeptides – Linear organic molecule consisting of a large number
of amino acids
Protein – Any organic molecule consisting of 1 or more polypeptides
Denaturation – When a protein is altered due to exposure to certain
chemical or physical factors. This usually causes the protein to
become biologically inactive.
Chaperonins – Protein molecules that assist in the folding of other
protein molecules
Nucleic acids - A complex organic substance present in living cells,
esp. DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides
linked in a long chain.
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Which term includes the rest on the list?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Starch
Carbohydrate
Polysaccharide
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Amylase can break glycosidic linkages
between glucose monomers only if they are in
alpha form. Which of the following can
amylase break down?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Glycogen, starch, and amylopectin
Glycogen and cellulose
Cellulose and chitin
Starch and chitin
Starch, amylopectin, and cellulose
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Which of the following statements about
unsaturated fats is true?
A.
B.
C.
D.
They are more common in animals than plants
They have double bonds in their carbon trains
Generally solidify at room temperature
Contain more hydrogen than saturated fats with
the same amount of carbon
E. Fewer fatty acid molecules per fat molecule
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Structural level of a protein least affected by a
disruption in hydrogen bonding is…
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quarternary
All levels are affected equally
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Which of the following pairs produce a
normal stretch of double-helix DNA
A.
B.
C.
D.
5’-AGCT-3’ with 5’-TCGA-3’
5’-GCGC-3’ with 5’-TATA-3’
5’- ATGC-3’ with 5’-GCAT-3’
5’- purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-3’ with
3’-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-5’
E. All pairs are correct
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Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the
hydrolysis of the covalent bonds joining the
nucleotides together. What would happen to a DNA
molecule treated with these enzymes?
A.
B.
The double helix would split
The phosphodiester linkages between deoxyribose
sugars are broken
C. Purines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars
D. Pyrimadines would be separated from the deoxyribose
sugars
E. All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose
sugars
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Glucose's molecular formula is C6 H12 O6.
What would be the molecular formula of a
polymer, comprised of ten glucose molecules,
bound my dehydration synthesis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
C60 H120 O60
C6 H12 O6
C60 H102 O51
C60 H100 O50
C60 H111 O51
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Purines are consisted of?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A 6-ring and a 5-ring
A 5-ring and a 5-ring
Just a 5-ring
Just a 6-ring
Rainbow flatulence and unicorn droppings
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What does antiparallel mean?
A.
B.
C.
D.
DNA strands run in opposite directions
DNA strands having a disagreement
DNA strands that have the same base connected
When there are more than 2 dimers in the same
strand
E. There are mismatched bases in the strand
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What are chaperonins?
A. Proteins that keep other proteins in line
B. Proteins designed to assist in apoptosis
C. Proteins that assist in the folding of other
proteins
D. Proteins that shield weaker ones from danger
E. Proteins that destroy misfolded proteins
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What happens in denaturation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Proteins
Proteins
Proteins
Proteins
Proteins
become malformed
are synthesized
are refolded
are used to make other proteins
have a shift in pH level
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How many levels of protein structure are
there?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
1
2
3
4
Over 9000
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How many amino acids are there?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
10
17
42
20
100
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Define Polymer.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A collection of monomers into one molecule
Building blocks of cupcakes
The stuff inside of Super Glue
The building blocks of macromolecules
Both A and D
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The breaking of a polymer is called
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Hydrolosis
Dehydration Synthesis
Poly-Splicing
Osmosis
Binary Fission
Chapter 8
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Metabolism: The totality of an organism’s
chemical reactions
Catabolism: Energy releasement by breaking
down complex molecules to simpler ones.
Anabolism:
Energy: is the capacity to cause change.
Metabolism is aided by enzymes that select
either an anabolic pathway or a catabolic
pathway.
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Kinetic energy: is energy that can be
associated with relative motion of objects.
Thermal energy: is kinetic energy as
associated with the random movement of
atoms or molecules.
Potential energy: energy that matter
possesses because of its location or
structure.
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1st law of Thermodynamics: is the
conservation of energy, it can not be created
or destroyed.
2nd Law states that spontaneous changes,
increase entropy of the universe.
Entropy is a measure of disorder or
randomness.
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Free Energy: is the portion of a system’s
energy that can perform work when
temperature and pressure are uniform
throughout the cell
∆G – change in free energy
∆H- change in enthalpy
(∆S): ∆G= ∆H- T∆S
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Organisms live at the cost of free energy and
during a spontaneous change, free energy
reduces and stability increases.
Maximum stability is equilibrium and the
system does no work
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Energy coupling: the use
of an exergonic process
to drive an endergonic
one.
Hydrolysis at the
terminal phosphate
group produces ADP and
phosphate and releases
free energy
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When ATP goes through hydrolysis it gives off
free energy.
It drives an endergonic reaction by giving a
phosphate group to reactants.
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Organisms use ATP continuously, but ATP is a
renewable resources.
The free energy required to phosphorylate
ADP comes from exergonic breakdowns in
the cell
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Catabolism is to anabolism as _____ is to
_____.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
exergonic; spontaneous
exergonic; endergonic
free energy; entropy
work; energy
entropy; enthalpy
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Most cells cannot harness heat to do work
because...
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
heat is not a form of energy
they are relatively cool
temperature is uniform in cells
heat cannot be used to do work
heat must remain constant during work
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Which metabolic process can occur without a
net influx of energy from some other
processes?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
ADP + Pi → ATP + H20
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H20
6 CO2 + 6 H20 → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Amino acids → Proteins
glucose + fructose → sucrose
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If an enzyme is placed in a solution saturated
with substrate, the best way to receive a
faster yield of product is...
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
add more enzyme
heat the solution to 90º C
add more substrate
add an allosteric inhibitor
add a noncompetitive inhibitor
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If an enzyme is added to a solution where it's
substrate and product are in equilibrium,
what would happen?
A. Additional product would be formed
B. Additional substrate would be formed
C. The reaction would change from endergonic to
exergonic
D. The free energy of the system would change
E. Nothing. The reaction would remain at
equilibrium
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Some bacterium are metabolically active in
hot springs because...
A. they are able to maintain low internal body
temperature
B. high temperatures make catalysis unnecessary
C. their enzymes have high optimum temperatures
D. their enzymes are unaffected by high
temperatures
E. they use molecules other than proteins or RNA's
as their main catalysts
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Which of the following statements is true
concerning catabolic pathways?
A. They combine molecules into more complex and
energy-rich molecules.
B. They are usually coupled with anabolic pathways to
which they supply energy in the form of ATP
C. They involve endergonic reactions that break complex
molecules into simpler ones
D. They do not need enzyme catalysts
E. They build up complex molecules such as protein
from simpler compounds.
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According to the second law of
thermodynamics...
A. the entropy of the universe is constantly increasing
B. every energy transfer requires activation energy from
the environment
C. the total amount of energy in the universe is
conserved or constant
D. for every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction
E. energy can be transferred or transformed, but it can
be neither created nor destroyed.
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Which term most precisely describes the
general process of combining small
molecules to form large molecules ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Metabolism
dehydration
catabolism
anabolism
endergonic reaction
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According to the first law of thermodynamics
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
energy is neither created nor destroyed
all processes increase the entropy of the universe
matter can be neither created nor destroyed
systems rich in energy are intrinsically unstable
both A and B are correct
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Which of the following correctly states the relationship
between anabolic and catabolic pathways?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Degradation of organic molecules by anabolic pathways
provides the energy to drive catabolic pathways.
Energy derived from catabolic pathways is used to drive the
breakdown of organic molecules in anabolic pathways.
Anabolic pathways synthesize more complex organic molecules
using the energy derived from catabolic pathways.
Catabolic pathways produce usable cellular energy by
synthesizing more complex organic molecules.
The flow of energy between catabolic and anabolic pathways is
reversible.
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Which is not true of enzyme behavior?
A. Enzyme shape may change following initial binding of
the substrate.
B. The active site of an enzyme orients its substrate
molecules, thereby promoting interaction of their
reactive parts.
C. All enzymes have an active site where substrates are
temporarily bound.
D. An individual enzyme can catalyze a wide variety of
different reactions.
E. Enzymes are sensitive to pH changes.
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Which of the following characteristics is
associated with allosteric regulation of an
enzyme's activity?
A. A mimic of the substrate competes for the active site.
B. A naturally occurring molecule stabilizes a
catalytically active conformation.
C. Regulatory molecules bind to a site remote from the
active site.
D. Inhibitors and activators may compete with one
another.
E. The enzyme usually has a quaternary structure.
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ATP consists of...
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
3 inorganic phosphates and a glucose
2 inorganic phosphates and a adenine
3 inorganic phosphates, a ribose, and an adenine
1 organic phosphate and a thymine
None of the above
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What name is given to the reactants in an
enzymatically catalyzed reaction?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
EA
products
active sites
reactors
substrate
Chapter 9
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Catabolic Pathways
Cellular respiration – how we obtain energy
from the food that we eat.
A cell must make up the ATP it uses.
Two ways of replenishing ATP:
◦ Fermentation= the degradation of sugars with out
oxygen
◦ Aerobic Respiration= Oxygen is consumed as a
reactant along with the organic “fuel”
 Glucose
+ Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide +
Water + ATP
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Oxidation-Reduction reactions
Oxidation - The LOSS of electrons
Reduction – The ADDING of electrons
 Na
Cl-
+ Cl
Electron moves
to Chlorine.
 Na+
Sodium
The
lost
an
electron
electron,
donor is
making
knownitas
have
thea
POSITIVE
REDUCING
charge
AGENT
+
Since
The
Chlorine
electron
gained an
acceptor
electron,
is the
it got a
OXIDIZIN
NEGATIVE
G AGENT
charge!
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In Cellular Respiration glucose is oxidized to CO2
and O2 is reduced to H2O. This means that
glucose gives up an electron to Oxygen, and
when that happens, water and energy are formed
The electrons from the organic compounds
(glucose) are passed from NAD+, making it
NADH (reducing. It GAINS an electron). NADH
passes the electrons to an electron transport
chain.
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The electron transport chain conducts the
electrons to O2 while releasing energy. The
energy makes ATP.
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Glycolysis – Occurs in the Cytosol. It breaks
down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.
Citric Acid Cycle – Occurs in the
Mitochondrial matrix. Completes glucose
breakdown by oxidizing the derivative of
pyruvate to CO2
Oxidative Phosphorylation – Uses the electron
transport chain and chemiosmosis to produce
ATP.
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Energy investment
stage:
◦ 2 ATP are used
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Energy pay off stage:
◦ 4 ADP + 4℗ make 4 ATP
◦ 2 NADH + 2H+ are made
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Net Gain
◦ 2 pyruvate + 2 H2O
◦ 2 ATP
◦ NADH + 2 H+
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Pyruvate is converted
into Acetyl CoA by
giving off a CO2
molecule and adding
Coenzyme A.
Keep in mind that there are 2
pyruvates. So, all of the gained
molecules in the figure is
multiplied by 2.
Total net gain (from
BOTH pyruvates’ citric
cycle):
◦
◦
◦
◦
2
6
4
2
ATP
NADH
CO2
FADH
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The NADH’s and the
FADH’s made in the
Citric Acid Cycle
provide the energy that
works to pump H+
across the membrane
then back through the
ATP Synthase.
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The ATP Synthase basically
takes the H+ ions, uses them
as an energy source to
squeeze ADP and ℗ together
to make ATP.
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Glycosis – 2 ATP
Citric Acid Cycle – 2 ATP
Electron Transport + Chemiosmosis ~ 32 or
34 ATP
All together about 36 to 38 ATP is produced
from a single molecule of glucose!
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Both occur in the cytosol after
glycolysis
Alcohol Fermentation – The
pyruvate is converted into
ethanol. First, CO2 is released
which is hen converted into 2
Acetaldehyde. Second, the
acetaldehyde is reduced by
NADH to ethanol.
Lactic Acid Fermentation –
Pyruvate is directly reduced by
NADH to for lactate. No CO2 is
released.
Facultative anarobes – can use
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Since Humans and animals don’t eat only
glucose, cellular respiration accepts the wide
range of proteins, carbs, and fats to use for
glycolysis. Catabolism pathways can take
electrons from other organic molecules and
use them for cellular respiration.
Anabolic pathways use molecules directly
from food or they can use them to make
other materials through glycolysis or citric
acid cycle.
1.What would be the reducing agent in this
reaction?
C
+
O  C + O-2
A. Carbon
B. Oxygen
C. Carbon Dioxide
D. None of these
E. All of these
2. What two processes occur in the cytosol?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain + Glycolysis
Glycolysis and Fermentation
Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
Chemiosmosis and Fermentation
3. What process creates the most ATP?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Glycolysis
Chemiosmosis
Fermentation
Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
4. Which two carry electrons from process to
process?
A. ADP and ATP
B. NADH and ADP
C. NAD+ and FAD
D. NADH and FADH2
E. H+ and ATP
5. Carbon Dioxide is released during…?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Glycolysis
Chemiosmosis
Fermentation
Electron Transport Chain
Citric Acid Cycle
6. About how many (maximum) ATP are
produced through cellular respiration?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
3 ATP
34 ATP
43 ATP
38 ATP
44 ATP
7. What is glucose’s “life cycle” through cellular
respiration?
A. Glucose pyruvate  Acetyl CoA
B. Glucose Fructose  Cornstarch
C. Pyruvate  Fructose  Glucose
D. Fatty Acid  Glucose  Pyruvate
E. Glucose Acetyl CoA  Pyruvate
8. What is the product of fermentation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Alcohol and Lactate
NADH
FAD
Glucose
Carbon
9. If there were no Oxygen available in a yeast
cell, what would take place? Remember, yeast
releases CO2
A. Citric Acid Cycle
B. Lactic Acid Fermentation
C. Alcohol Fermentation
D. Both B and C
E. None of these
10.In the Citric Acid Cycle everything
produced…
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Is eaten.
Is quadrupled because there are 4 pyruvates
Can be completely disregarded in cellular
respiration
Is used up immediately
Is doubled because there are 2 pyruvates
11. What is a facultative anaerobe?
A.
B.
C.
D.
An organism that uses either fermentation
OR respiration but NOT both
A form of glucose
The rod on ATP Synthase
An organism that can use BOTH
fermentation AND respiration
12.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
How many ATP molecules are produced in
Glycolysis? (Net total)
3 ATP
2 ATP
5 ATP
10 ATP
None
13.How many ATP molecules are gained in the
Citric Acid Cycle? (Net gain)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
2 ATP
4 ATP
6 ATP
8 ATP
10 ATP
14. Where does the ATP Synthase create ATP?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Cytosol
Cell wall
Inner Mitochondrial Matrix
Outer Mitochondrial Matrix
Chloroplasts
15. Where does Glycolysis occur?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Cytosol
Cell wall
Inner Mitochondrial Matrix
Outer Mitochondrial Matrix
Chloroplasts
16. ATP Synthase can be identified as a ______
because of the “ase” ending.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Electron
Enzyme
Organelle
Organic Molecule
Inorganic Molecule
17. What molecule is the power source of ATP
Synthase?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
CO2
NADH
FADH2
H+
ATP

Describe the process of Cell Respiration.
Remember to include Glycolysis, Electron
Transport chain, Citric Acid Cycle, and
Chemiosmosis.

Glycolysis takes a glucose molecule and splits
it into 2 pyruvates. It produces a net total of
2 water, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 H+. The citric
acid cycle takes the pyruvate, producing CO2,
more NADH, ATP, and FADH2. Electrons
gained from the citric acid cycle are carried to
the electron transport. Then they are pumped
across an H+ gradient. The gradient helps
power ATP synthase which makes the most
ATP in cell respiration.

Describe the process of respiration when no
oxygen is present. Be sure to include the
outcomes of both Lactic acid fermentation
and alcohol fermentation.


In alcohol fermentation, after glycolysis, the
pyruvates release carbon dioxide.
Acetaldehyde is formed and reduced by
NADH, resulting in Ethanol.
In lactate fermentation, the pyruvate is
directly reduced by NADH to produce lactate.
Chapter 10
Chloroplasts
 The green color from a plant is because of
chlorophyll the green pigment located in the
chloroplasts.
 Chloroplasts are mainly found
In the mesophyll cell—
tissue interior of the leaf.

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

The equation for photosynthesis is:
6CO2 + 12 H2O + light energy  C6H12O6 + 6 O2
+ 6 H2O
Van Niel discovered that plants split H2O to
give a source of electrons and incorporating
them into sugar molecules.
Photosynthesis is a redox reaction : H2O is
oxidized while CO2 is reduced.





There are two stages in
Photosynthesis:
Light reactions: the photo part of
photosynthesis
Calvin Cycle: the synthesis part.
Light reactions split water releasing
O2, produce ATP,
and form NADPH.
Calvin cycle makes sugar from
CO2, uses ATP and NADPH
for reduction





Pigments absorb visible lights
There are three types of pigments in
chloroplasts:
Chlorophyll a: participates directly in light
reactions
Chlorophyll b: accessory pigment
Carotenoids: a group of accessory pigments

The absorption of a photon increases an
electron to an orbital of higher energy. The
excited state is unstable and the electrons
tend to fall back to a ground state, giving off
heat or light.



Photosystems are
composed of a protein
complex called a reaction
center complex surrounded
by several light-harvesting
complexes.
They funnel photon energy
to the reaction center
complex
A special pair of chlorophyll
a absorbs energy and
transfers the electron to a
primary electron acceptor


Occurs during the light reactions of photosynthesis
Pigment molecules get excited, energy is relayed to
the P680 pair and energy and water’s electrons are
accepted from the Primary acceptor. Electrons go
through the electron transport chain creating ATP.
The electrons hit the P700 pair. More photon energy
is absorbed and given to the P700. Electrons are
given to the primary acceptor, they pass through
another electron transport chain, and the enzyme
NADP+ reductase produces NADPH from NADP+ and
H+

Only uses photosystem 1 and not
photosystem 2. It produces ATP but not
NADPH or O2


Both include redox reactions of electron
transport chains that generate of an H+
gradient across a membrane. ATP synthase is
also used in both chloroplasts and
mitochondria.
However, in mitochondria organic molecules
supply the electrons and in chloroplast water
supplies the electrons.




Occurs in the Stoma.
Uses the electrons from NADPH and the
energy from ATP.
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) exits
when three CO2 are fixed and converted to
glucose.
Carbon fixation occurs when CO2 is
combined with a five-carbon sugar, or
Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)


C3 plants - first organic product of carbon
fixation is a three compound.
Photorespiration: occurs in the light and
consumes O2 while producing CO2


Preface the Calvin Cycle with and alternate
form of carbon fixation that forms a four
carbon compound as it’s first product.
Unique leaf structure:
◦ bundle-sheath cells are arranged into tightly
packed sheaths around the vein
◦ Mesophyll cells are loosely arranged between the
bundle sheath and the leaf surface



Open their stoma at night.
Incorporates CO2 into organic acids and they
are stored in mesophyll cells
In the day the stoma close and CO2 is
released from the organic acids for the Calvin
cycle.
1. What does the light reactions supply the
Calvin Cycle with?
A. FAD and H2O
B. ATP and O2
C. ATP and NADPH
D. CO2 and H2O
E. CO2 and light energy
2.What is consumed by the light reactions?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Light energy and H2O
H2O and glucose
Glucose and CO2
CO2 and light energy
FAD and H2O
3. What does the Calvin Cycle produce?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
G3P
H2O
ATP
CO2
NADPH
4. Which of the following phrases is NOT true?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Carbon fixation occurs in the Calvin Cycle.
ATP synthesis occurs in both mitochondria
and chloroplasts
C4 plants only use the Calvin Cycle.
Oxygen is released in the Calvin Cycle.
Light reactions need light energy.
5.Photorespiration is when…
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Organic acids are stored during the night
O2 is consumed and CO2 is released.
H2O is consumed and O2 is released
ATP is made and sugar is stored
None of these
6. Where does the Calvin Cycle occur in C3
plants?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Mesophyll cells
Cytosol
Both A and B
Thylakoid membrane
Bundle Sheath cells

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
7. Where does the Calvin Cycle occur in C4
plants?
Mesophyll cells
Cytosol
Both A and B
Thylakoid membrane
Bundle Sheath cells

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
8. These plants use this process to open their
stomata at night and close them during the day,
avoiding water loss.
Calvin Cycle
Transpiration
CAM Plants
Cyclic Electron Flow
None of these
9. Which is a benefit of a C4 plant?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
More efficient gathering of photons
More efficient electron transport chain
More uptake of CO2
More efficient carbon fixation
None of these
10. What is the source of oxygen in
photosynthesis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
CO2
Pyruvate
Glucose
Rubisco
H2O
11. Photons lift the electrons to higher energy
levels. Where do these electrons come from?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
RuBP
H2O
CO2
Both B and C
None of these
12. Which of the following occur in Linear
Electron Flow?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Chemiosmosis
Splitting of H2O for electrons
Electron transport chain
None of these
All of these
13. Oxygen that is released in photosynthesis
comes from what molecule?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
H2O
CO2
Glucose
ATP
None of these
14. How many carbons are in one molecule of
RuBP?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Five
Zero
One
Ten
15. How many carbons are needed to make
one G3P?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
1
2
3
4
5
16. By looking at this
diagram, how many
ATP and NADPH would
be needed to fix 9
Carbons?
A.
12 ATP and 30 NADPH
B.
27 ATP and 18 NADPH
C.
30 ATP and 12 NADPH
D.
18 ATP and 27 NADPH
E.
None of these
17. Light is necessary for light dependent
reactions because…
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
It excites electrons in pigments
It splits water
It’s the source of all electrons
It makes ATP
None of these

Describe what Cyclic Electron Flow is.

Photoexcieted electrons are occasionally
shunted back to chlorophyll via the
Cytochrome complex . This supplements the
supply of ATP only.

Describe what happens in the Calvin cycle. Be
sure to define carbon fixation.

A carbon goes through the cycle attaches to
ribulose bisphosphate because of rubisco, an
enzyme. The resulting molecule receives a
phosphate from ATP. NADPH comes along
and reduces and G3P results from it. In the
regeneration of carbon, carbon skeletons of 5
G3P are rearranged into three molecules of
RuBP and RuBP can receive CO2 again.
Enzyme Catalysis


Observe conversion of hydrogen peroxide to
water and oxygen gas by enzyme catalysis.
Measure the amount of oxygen generated
and calculate the rate of enzyme-catalyzed
reaction.
Base line Calculation
Final reading of 1.2 ml
Burette
Initial reading of 5.0 ml
Burette
Base line
3.8 ml
Uncatalyzed hydrogen
peroxide decomposition
Final reading of 3.2 ml
Burette
Initial reading of 10.0 ml
Burette
Amount of
6.8 ml
KMnO4
KMnO4
Base line
Final Reading
Initial Reading
Amount of KMnO4
consumed
Amount of H2 O2
Time (seconds)
10
30
60
4.3 ml 4.3 ml 4.3
ml
1.8 ml 1.8 ml 2.0
ml
5.0 ml 5.0 ml 5.0
ml
3.2 ml 3.2 ml 3.0
ml
1.1 ml 1.1 ml 1.3
90
4.3
ml
2.0
ml
5.0
ml
3.0
ml
1.3
120
4.3
ml
2.4
ml
5.0
ml
2.6
ml
1.7
Time
interv
als
(seco
nds)
Rates
*
0-10
1030
3060
6090
.11
ml
0.00
ml
0.006 0.00
67 ml ml
90120
120180
0.013 0.01
3 ml
ml

Reaction most certainly did begin quickly and
slow as the time moved on.
Cell Respiration



Measure oxygen consumption during
germination
Measure change in gas volume in
respirometer containg either germination or
nongermination pea seeds
Measure the rate of respiration of these peas
at two different tempeatures.
Beads Alone
Germinating Peas
Time
(min)
Readi
ng at
ime X
Readi Diff.
ng at
time X
Initial
-0
1.38
0-5
1.38
0
1.16
.19
.19
1.46
.01
.01
5-10
1.38
0
1.04
.31
.31
1.44
.03
.03
10-15 1.38
0
.93
.42
.42
1.43
.04
.04
15-20 1.38
0
.57
.78
.78
1.42
.05
.05
Diff.
Dry Peas and Beads
Correc Readi Diff.
ted
ng at
diff.
time X
1.35
Correc
ted
Diff.
1.47
Initial
-0
1.40
1.32
1.40
0-5
1.39
.01
1.20
.12
.11
1.40
0
.01
5-10
1.38
.02
1.11
.21
.19
1.40
0
.02
10-15 1.38
.02
1.00
.32
.30
1.39
.01
.01
15-20 1.38
.02
.95
.37
.93
1.38
.02
0

It showed that the rates of cellular respiration are greater in germinating peas
than in non-germinating peas. It also showed that temperature and respiration
rates are directly proportional; as temperature increases, respiration rates
increase as well. Because of this fact, the peas contained by the respirometers
placed in the water at 10C carried on cellular respiration at a lower rate than
the peas in respirometers placed in the room temperature water. The nongerminating peas consumed far less oxygen than the germinating peas.