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HUMAN BLOOD
DR.JAGDISH KAUR
P.G.G.C.,SECTOR 11
CHANDIGARH
HUMAN BLOOD
CONTENT
 COMPOSITION
 FUNCTION OF BLOOD & LYMPH
 FUNCTION OF HAEMOGLOBIN
 BLOOD CLOTTING
 BLOOD GROUPS & RH FACTOR
HUMAN BLOOD
PHYSICAL CHARACTER -;
The blood is red vascular connective tissue. Human blood
is five times more visccous than distilled water. It
is slightly heavier than water (specific gravity =
1.057 in males and 1.053 in females). It is slightly
alkaline in nature. The oxygenated blood is
BRIGHT RED while de-oxygenated blood is PURPLE
RED…
 STUDY OF BLOOD IS CALLED
HAEMOTOLOGY
COMPOSITION
THE BLOOD IS FORMED OF 2
PARTS…….
 PLASMA
 BLOOD CORPUSCLES
 PLASMA
 It is a faint-yellow coloured. Non-living fluid which
forms about 55%-60% of the blood volume.
Decrease in the plasma level of the blood due to
decreasd fluid intake or excessive loss of water
due to excesive sweating,diarrohea or vomitting is
called REHYDRATION..
 COMPOSITION-; Chemically, the plasma is a




mixture of molecular solution of many organic and
inorganic substances. It is composed of –
Water 90%-92%
Inorganic salts=1-2% (commonly called
crystalloid).
Plasma protein= 6%-8% (commonly called
colloids).
Other organic compounds = 1%-2%.
 BLOOD CORPUSCLES
 Blood corpuscles are the cells which float freely in
the plasma. These form (40%-45% of blood-plasma.
The percentage of blood cells is called
haematocrit value or packed cell volume. The
normal haemocrit in man is 40%-45% while about
36% in woman but it may fall as low as 10% and
may rise as high as 80% in diseased condition. It is
estimates by an instrument called WINTROB’S
TUBE .
 BLOOD IS WITH THREE TYPES; ERYTHROCYTES
 LEUCOCYTTES
 BLOOD-PLATELETS
ERYTHROCYTES
ERYTHROCYTES (erythros = Red, Kytos = cell)
OR
R.B.Cs. (RED BLOOD CELLS )
 SHAPE-; In all vertebrates except mammals, the erythrocytes
are oval, biconvex & nucleated. In mammals except camel
&llama (with oval-shaped and nucleated RBCs). The mature
erythrocytes are circular, biconcave and non-nucleated.
 SIZE-; A human RBC is about 7.5um diameter. It is 2um in
thickness near the rim and 1um or less at the centre (30um in
frog). In vertebrate series, the size range of erythrocytes is from
75um (larges) in Amphiuma (salamander) to 2.5um (smallest) in
Tragulus (mouse deer).
 NUMBER-; Normal RBC count in an adult human male is
5-5.5 million per cubic meter while in 4.5-5.0 million per
cubic meter in a normal adult woman.
RBC
 COLOUR-; An RBC appears yellow when seen
singly but these appear red when in bulk due to
presence of colloidal solution of an iron containing
pigment haemoglobin in their cytoplasm.
 STRUCTURE-; A human RBC is bounded by an
elastic & semipermeable plasma-membrane which
enables it to squeeze through narrow capillaries.
Outer surface of its cell membrane has glycophorin
proteins containing the blood group antigens while
its inner surface contractile spectrin protein due to
which it is biconcave.
FUNCTIONS-;
 Haemoglobin has high affinity for oxygen
and carries about 97-99% of oxygen from
the lungs to the body tissue as
OXYHAEMOGLOBIN.
 Haemoglobin also transport about 23% of
carbon dioxde as CARBAMINOHAEMOGLOBIN from the tissue to the
lungs.
 Haemoglobin also act as buffer and helps
in maintaining a constant ph.
LEUCOCYTES
LEUCOCYTES ( Gr. Leuco = White; kytos = Cell)
OR
WHITE BLOOD CELL
 SHAPE-; These are rounded or amoebid, nuclested, nonpigmented cells.
 SIZE -; WBCs are larger than RBCs and their size range is 815um but may be upto 20 um.
 NUMBER-; WBCs are much less in number than RBCs
(1:600). The number of WBCs in a healthy person ranges
from 5,000 to 10,000 per cubic milimeter of whole blood. A
verage WBC count is 7,000 per cubic millimeter.
 LEUCOCYTES ARE DIVIDED INTO FOLLOWING TYPES-:


GRANULOCYTES
AGRANULOCYTES
GRANULOCYTES & AGRANULOCYTES
Granulocytes develop from red Agranulocytes develop
Bone marrow.
Granulocytes consist of
Eosinophills, basophills &
from myloid tissue.
Agranulocytes consist of
lymphocytes & monocytes.
Neutrophills.
Granulocytes contain nuclei
Agranulocytes do not have
With lobes.
Have lobed.
Granulocytes make up to 60 to
Agranulocytes make up 20
70% of total WBCs count.
To 30 % of it.
BLOOD PLATELETS


These are the smallest sized blood corpuscles
and have a diameter of 2- 4 um.
These are found only in the mammilian blood
 These are colourless, oval-shaped and discoid
cytoplasmic fragments formed by the giant cells
called megakaryotes
 About 30,000 platelets are forned each day for
each miclolitre or blood. These are non-nucleated.
 Platelets granules are of three type-;
 A-granules { RELEASE THROMBOPLASTIN}.
 Dense granules [RELEASE ATP & SEROTONIN).
 Glycogen granules.
FUNCTIONS OF
LYMPH &BLOOD
LYMPH-; Act as a middle man
between blood and body cells. It
also transport fat food from the
intestine to the venous blood.
BLOOD-; It supplies essential
nutrients to, cells such as amino
acids, fatty acids.
FUNCTION OF HAEMOGLOBIN
HAEMOGLOBIN & OXYGEN TRANSPORT ;-
Most important function of Hb is to bind and
transport oxygen from lungs to the body tissues.
Normally, about 97% of the oxygen is carried as
OXYHAEMOGLOBIN.
HAEMOGLOBIN & CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT -;
Haemoglobin also transport about 23% of carbon
dioxide from the body tissue to the lungs. It is
formed by th reversible combination of carbon
dioxide woth amino groups of globin part of
haemoglobin.
ABO-BLOOD GROUPS

A German biochemist, Karl Landsteiner (1901) (Nobel Prize
in 1930), on the basis of the blood-transfusion results,
proposed that blood of different persons has some
biochemical differences. Karl Landsteiner is commonly
called “Father of Blood groups”
a) Agglutinogen or Antigens-;
It is aglycoprotein present on the surface of RBCs, also
called corpuscle factor. There are two types of antigens – A
and B { A person may have neither of them or one of them or
both of them}.
b)Agglutinin or Antibody-;
It is y-globulin protein present in the blood, and is so called
plasma factor. There are two types of antibodies – A and B. {
A person may have neither of them or one of them or both of
them}.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
BLOOD GROUPS
BLOOD
GROUP
ANTIGEN
ANTIBODY
CAN GIVE
BLOOD TO
CAN
RECEIVE
BLOOD
FROM
A
A
B
A,AB
A,O
B
B
A
B,AB
B,O
AB
A,B
(BOTH)
NONE
O
NONE
A,B
(BOTH)
AB
ALL
ALL
ALL
RHESUS FACTOR
 Rh-factor is an antigenic protein present on the
surface of red blood cells in the human beings. It
was discovered by Land steiner and Weiner (1940)
on the plasma-membrane of RBCs of rhesus
monkey so is called Rh-factor (also called Dantigen).
 Later, it was also found in about 85% of Americans
and 93% of Indian and were called Rh-positive.
 The person without Rh-factor on the surface of
their RBCs I called Rh-negative.
The Rhesus (Rh) System
Well, it gets more complicated here, because there's
another antigen to be considered - the Rh antigen.
Some of us have it, some of us don't.
If it is present, the blood is RhD positive, if not it's RhD
negative.
So, for example, some people in group A will have it, and
will therefore be classed as A+ (or A positive).
While the ones that don't, are A- (or A negative).
And so it goes for groups B, AB and O.
The Rhesus (Rh) System (Cont.)
• Rh antigens are transmembrane proteins with loops
exposed at the surface of red blood cells.
• They appear to be used for the transport of carbon
dioxide and/or ammonia across the plasma membrane.
• They are named for the rhesus monkey in which they
were first discovered.
• RBCs that are "Rh positive" express the antigen
designated D.
• 85% of the population is RhD positive, the other 15%
of the population is running around with RhD negative
blood.
IMPORTANCE OF RH FACTOR
IN BLOOD TRANSFUSION
 Blood transfusion involves transfer of
blood from one person to another. Human
blood does not normally contain any
antibody for Rh factor. However, if the
blood of a Rh+ donor is injected into the
blood of a Rh+ recepient in blood
transfusion, a rh factor antibody forms and
gradually accumulates in the blood of the
recepient. But no complication occurs in
the recepient after the first transfusion .
Why is an Rh incompatibility so dangerous
when ABO incompatibility is not during
pregnancy?
• Most anti-A or anti-B antibodies are of the IgM
class (large molecules) and these do not cross the
placenta.
•In fact, an Rh−/type O mother carrying an
Rh+/type A, B, or AB foetus is resistant to
sensitisation to the Rh antigen.
•Her anti-A and anti-B antibodies destroy any foetal
cells that enter her blood before they can elicit antiRh antibodies in her.
Rh incompatibility during pregnancy (cont.)
•This phenomenon has led to an effective
preventive measure to avoid Rh sensitisation.
•Shortly after each birth of an Rh+ baby, the
mother is given an injection of anti-Rh
antibodies (or Rhogam).
•These passively acquired antibodies destroy
any foetal cells that got into her circulation
before they can elicit an active immune
response in her.