Transcript Macro-molecules short 2014

Great
Macro-molecules
= large molecules important to biological
functions
(Macro= Big)
We’ll use Thanksgiving Dinner to follow along
Organic Chemistry
Organic = compounds “created by” living
things
= compounds with carbon atoms
bonded together
Carbon is the basis for macro-molecules
because of its versatility = many uses
One carbon atom can form up to 4 covalent
bonds at a time
Carbon can form long chain-like molecules
Macro-molecules & Polymers
Polymers = molecules that are a chain of
repeating units (monomers)
Polymerization = taking single units and
linking them together to form polymers
4 categories of macromolecules are involved in
this polymerization:
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Polymerization
• Monomers join to
form polymer “chain”
• Notice the monomers
in the chain can be
identical or different
Carbohydrates
Used for two basic purposes:
1) Energy containing molecule, fuel or
storage
2) Structural molecule (fibers)
Made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in
the following ratio:
1C:2H:1O
Monosaccharides =
single carbohydrate
unit (sugars), usually
end in “-ose”
Ex. Glucose (basic blood
sugar), fructose,
galactose
Some sugars are
disaccharides (2
sugar units)
Carbohydrates
Glucose
Polysaccharides = many
sugar units in a chain
Ex. Starch (energy
storage)
Cellulose (plant
fiber) – gives plants
structure
Glycogen is the common
polysaccharide in
animals, released from
liver or muscle tissue
when energy is needed
See fig. 2-13 on p. 45 in
textbook
Carbohydrates
Carb foods from Thanksgiving
(sugars and starches)
Mashed Potatoes
Sweet Potatoes
Pumpkin Pie
Stuffing
Rolls
The one element that is essential
for all organic compounds is…
1. Oxygen
2. Carbon
3. Nitrogen
4. Neon
Carbon is a versatile building
block because it has _____
valence electrons.
1. 2
2. 4
3. 6
4. 10
Carbohydrates are polymers
made of ______________.
1. Nucleic Acids
2. Glycogen
3. Amino Acids
4. Monosaccharides
Proteins are polymers made of
______________.
1. Nucleic Acids
2. Glycogen
3. Amino Acids
4. Monosaccharides
Plants store their excess sugar
as ___________.
1. Starch
2. Lipids
3. Glycogen
4. Nucleotides
Animals store their excess sugar
as ___________.
1. Starch
2. Lipids
3. Glycogen
4. Nucleotides
In the lab, monosaccharides
can be detected by…..
___________.
1. Biuret’s
2. Lugol
3. Benedict’s
4. Sudan Red
In the lab, proteins can be
detected by….. ___________.
1. Biuret’s
2. Lugol
3. Benedict’s
4. Sudan Red
In the lab, lipids can be
detected by….. ___________.
1. Biuret’s
2. Lugol
3. Benedict’s
4. Sudan Red
In the lab, starches can be
detected by….. ___________.
1. Biuret’s
2. Lugol
3. Benedict’s
4. Sudan Red
Lipids (aka.. triglycerides)
Long chains of carbon and hydrogen
Not water soluble (non-polar)
Fats, oils and waxes
Used as energy storage molecule
Used as a structural molecule for membranes,
waterproof coverings
Used as chemical messengers – steroids
See fig. 2-14 on p.46 in textbook
Lipids
Form when a glycerol backbone attaches to up
to 3 fatty acid chains (long chains of C & H)
Fatty acid chains that have all carbons linked
with single bonds = saturated (holding
maximum # of hydrogen)
Fatty acids that contain double or triple bonded
carbons = unsaturated (not holding max. H)
Some fatty acids have several double or triple
bonds = polyunsaturated
Max. H = Max energy storage
Lipid Structure
Glycerol Head
Fatty Acid Chains
Phospholipid structure
Lipid Hall of Fame
Butter
Gravy
Some in the Meats
Anything made with butter
Macromolecule Review
• Bozeman - Macromolecule Overview
Proteins
Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and
Nitrogen
The monomers of proteins are called amino
acids
Amino acids have an amino group (-NH2) on
one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on
the other end with various atoms in between
The joins are formed by joining the amino
group on one amino acid with the carboxyl
group on another = protein synthesis
Amino Acid Structure
Proteins
There are 20 different amino acids found in
nature
This allows for very diverse combinations of
proteins to be formed with diverse functions
See figure 2-16 on p.47 in textbook
3 basic roles of proteins:
1) Structure (muscle and bone)
2) Control chemical reactions and regulate cell
processes (enzymes)
3) Others are transport molecules or disease
fighters in cells
Protein Structure
Protein at Thanksgiving
Nucleic Acids
Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen &
Phosphorus
The monomers of nucleic acids are called
nucleotides
Nucleotides consist of 3 parts:
5-Carbon Sugar
Phosphate (PO4) group
Nitrogenous Base (contains N)
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids store and transmit hereditary or
genetic information
2 types of nucleic acids:
1) RNA (ribonucleic acid): contains the sugar
ribose
2) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): contains the
sugar deoxyribose
See figure 2-15 on. p.47 in textbook
Nucleic Acid Structure
Nucleotide
Linked nucleotides
Nucleic Acids at Thanksgiving
No foods are high in nucleic acids
The necessary elements can be obtained from
any food (carbs, proteins, lipids)
Phosphorus must come from our diet as well
Choose you favorite Thanksgiving food and
start a rumor that it is high in nucleic acids.
Then use this to justify eating a lot of it on
Thanksgiving
Enzymes
= Proteins that act as biological catalysts
• Speed up reactions that take place in cells by
lowering the activation energy for those
reactions
• Provide a “site” for the reactants to meet
• Enzyme structure has an active site on it
where reactants can bind to enzyme and then
bind to each other
• Reactants are called substrates in these
reactions