Transcript ICSB3: DRPM Measures

Exponential technologies for
reading & writing genomes
4-4:10 PM 18-Nov-2008 Clean Energy University Spin Out Panel
Thanks to:
1
Renewable Energy Resources: Human 15 TW
2
http://www.xprize.org/files/downloads/saul_griffith_presentation.pdf
Photovoltaics vs Photosynthesis
Energy efficiency for photovoltaics at 10-40% and 11% for
photosynthesis, but the first is peak performance and ignores
storage, while the latter is calculated from grams of biofuel per
hectare per year (including night & winter).
Energy Density:
Lithium ion Battery 0.7 kJ/g
(Bio)Diesel fuel
43 kJ/g
Atmospheric CO2 is adressed by few energy sources
Total : 2E18 g
1% added by human activities
15% removed by photosynthesis yearly (algae 30X more efficient)
Agricultural biomass: 3% of the total & 15% yearly change
3
CO2 reduction
“to preserve a planet similar to that on which
civilization developed .. CO2 will need to be
reduced from its current 385 ppm to at most 350
ppm.” 9% = 2E17 g
USA: 7E9 meters of highways * 3E6 g/m = 2E16 g
James Hansen, et al. Open Atmospheric Science Journal, 2: 217-231 (2008)
CO2 maintenance: 2% of arable land to replace all
petro-fuel with algal (US 40K km2) vs farm animals 80%
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Bio-petroleum from grasses or algae
Immiscible Products Facilitate Purification
• Separate from water without distillation
• Decrease toxicity
to producer strain
• >2 million liters in 2009
100
organic
Distribution (% total)
90
80
70
3,000
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
aqueous
Extracellular
Intracellular
50
Localization
Fatty acid derived
10
1
1
Leverage current
infrastructure &
engines
2
3
4
3 months
5
Algal, fungal pathways to triglycerides,
alkanes, olefins, terpenes
Botryococcus
braunii
decarbonylase
Methylelcosene from Prasiola stipitata
http://www.biofuelsdatabase.org/map/alkane-decarbonylation_map.shtml
http://www.springerlink.com/content/p6451qx982638856/fulltext.pdf
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2 million liter scale example: 2000-06
Dupont/Genencor: 1,3 Propanediol (7 years & $400M R&D)
135 g/l at 3.5 g/l/h, 51% yield (90% of theoretical) from glucose
27 changes to 4.6 Mbp E.coli
ackA aldA aldB arcA crr edd gldA glpK mgsA pta ptsH ptsI yqhC
Saccharomyces: DAR1 GPP2 Klebsiella: dhaB1,B2,B3,X; orfX,Y
P1.5.gapA P1.6.ppc P1.6.btuR P1.6.yqhD Ptrc.galP Ptrc.glk
(13 knock-outs, 8 insertions, 6 regulatory changes)
http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6432686-description.html
Yeast
DAR1
Glycerol-3-P
- NADH
Klebsiella
GPP2
yqhD
dhaB1-3
Glycerol
E.coli
3HPA
coB12
- NADPH
1,3
propanediol
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Improving process yield,
health, safety:
What threatens all biological
systems?
What do all viruses have
in common? or lack?
8
New genetic code: viral-resistance, novel amino acids
no functional GMO DNA exchange
PEG-pAcPhe-hGH (Ambrx) high serum stability
314 TAG to TAA changes
TTT
TTC
F
TTA
30362
TCT
11495
TAT
22516
TCC
11720
TAC
18932
TCA
9783
S
21999
TGT
Y
16601
TGC
C
8816
TAA
STOP
2703
TGA
STOP
1256
STOP
314
TGG
W
20683
17613
CGT
28382
13227
CGC
29898
20888
CGA
39188
CGG
7399
24159
AGT
11970
29385
AGC
45687
AGA
14029
AGG
43719
GGT
25918
GGC
4 18602
TCG
12166
TAG
CTT
15002
CCT
9559
CAT
CTC
15077
CCC
7485
CAC
CTA
5314
CCA
11471
CAA
71553
CCG
31515
CAG
41309
ACT
12198
AAT
34178
ACC
31796
AAC
5967
ACA
9670
AAA
37915
ACG
19624
AAG
24858
GCT
20762
GAT
20753
GCC
34695
GAC
TTG
CTG
L
L
ATT
ATC
I
ATA
ATG
M
GTT
GTC
V
P
T
H
Q
N
K
D
1
A
7048
R
S
R
4859
3 21862
2
2896
1692
33622
Isaacs
Charalel
Church
Sun
Wang
Carr
Jacobson
Kong
Sterling
40285
G
GTA
14822
GCA
27418
GAA
GTG
35918
GCG
45741
GAG
E
53641
GGA
10893
24254
GGG
15090
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DNA technology tracked Moore’s law
(2X / 2 yr) until 2004-8 (10X / yr)
10
1
0.1
0.01
$/bp
0.001
0.0001
0.00001
0.000001
0.0000001
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
40X 98% genome $5K in 2008 ($50 for 1%?)
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