Transcript Nutrition-2,2016

DIET AND NUTRITION
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Healthy nutrition means having a balanced
diet, in order to maintain the balance that
God has established in all matters,
Allah says in Quran: "And He enforced
the balance. That you exceed not the
bounds; but observe the balance strictly,.
and fall not short thereof". (55:7-9)
Teachings of the Prophet (SAW), about
food,
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Washing hands before sitting to eat
Should mention the name of Allah
before starting eating or drinking
If forget at the beginning, should
mention it whenever remember,
even at the end.
Quantitatively
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Moderation in food intake
The Prophetic guidance: "one third food,
one third water and one third air“
Food and water if exceed their
recommended level, one may suffer from
pulmonary difficulties
Stress development and
Exhaustion
lungs being unable to easily deliver
oxygenated blood to the heart.
One will also feel
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Heaviness in body
Heart and spirit will experience laziness
and drowsiness
Hence a filled stomach is damaging to
one's body, heart and spirit.
Moderation is the path of good health and
the body benefits from moderate and
nutritious meals.
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To abstain from eating without a
valid reason is contrary to health
protection. Hence, Islam does not
approve it.
Allah directs in Quran: Do not forbid
yourselves the wholesome things
God has made lawful for you. (5:87)
Characteristics of Good Food
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Must contain three essential
components: (CPL)and(CPL)
Nutritional benefits and efficiency
in producing the needed energy.
Light for the stomach
Easy for digestion
Energy
Metabolism
Where from this Energy Comes?
Food
How we obtain?
We have already studied
carbohydrates metabolism.
Oxidation of Foodstuff
Occurs in three stages:
1.
Digestion in the Mouth and stomach converting
the macromolecules in to small units. Primary
Metabolism
2.
Absorption of these smaller units and
decomposition into smaller components and
their ultimate oxidation into CO2.
3.
Secondary Metabolism, occurring in the cell,
where reducing equivalents are produced in the
citric acid cycle.(NADH,FADH2).
Tertiary Metabolism
These reducing equivalents enter into the
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
(Respiratory Chain), where energy is
released
Energy Expenditure
1.
Physical work and exercises
2 . Involuntary works
3. Thermogenesis and if any extra,
4. stored.
Energy Expenditure (Contd.)
Involuntary works
Physical work/ exercises
( Voluntory)
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Movement of body
Lifting of weight
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Day to day work
Muscular exercise
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Osmotic work
Absorption and
transport of food
Excretion
Contraction of
involuntary muscles
Active transport.
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Energy is continuously spent on such
involuntary works through out life
period for which we are not
conscious which is :
• Relatively constant
• Occurs at a basal rate
ENERGY CONTENTS OF
VARIOUS TYPES OF FOODS
Caloric Value of Foods
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Different food stuff have Different amount
of energy, which is expressed as :
Caloric Value
Caloric Value is defined as :
Amount of heat energy obtained by
burning 1 gram of food stuff
completely in the presence of oxygen.
Caloric values of different food stuff are determined
in a specially developed apparatus called
BOMB CALORIMTER.
Principle
1.
2.
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A weighed amount of sample is burnt in
an atmosphere of oxygen by an
electronically heated platinum wire.
Heat evolved is absorbed in a weighed
amount of water which surrounds the
burning chamber.
Rise in temperature is recorded.
Calculation
H =
W (T2 – T1)
K.Cal/gram
M (1000)
H = Heat evolved
T1 = Initial Temperature
T2 = Final Temperature
W = Weight of food burnt
M = Water equivalent of calorimeter & its water
Unit of Energy
Calorie
Amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1.0 gram of water by 1oC , to
be more precise from 15 to 16oC
Small Calorie
–c
Kilo Calorie
–C
In biological sciences calories is always kilo
calorie
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All foods undergo combustion in
body just like Bomb Calorimeter but
in a graded / stepwise continuous
manner
Average values in Calories /
Gram
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Glucose
=
3.6
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Starch
=
4.2
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Animal fats
=
9.5
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Animal proteins
=
5.6
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Proteins do not undergo complete
oxidation
Excreted as Amino acid / Urea
This involves about 1.3 Cal/gram,
leaving 4.3 Cal/gram of proteins
metabolism
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When corrected figures applied, values for
energy are found to be quite comparable
for these foods in body as on combustion
outside the body
• Reason being energy losses in digestion /
absorption
• Other unaccountable factors
Caloric values are usually rounded
off to
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Carbohydrates = 4.0 C/gram
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Proteins
= 4.0 C/gram
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Fats
= 9.0 C/gram
Basal Metabolic Rate
(BMR)
Basal Metabolic Rate
Sustain vital functions like those of heart,
circulation brain, lungs, Kidneys and cellular
functions.
OR
It is the minimum amount of energy required
to maintain life,
OR
Energy required by an awake person during
physical, emotional and digestive rest
BMR of a sleeping person is lower
than awake person.
Measured
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Directly by the heat evolved
Indirectly by the volume of Oxygen
consumed and CO2 evolved / unit
time.
BMR Measurement
Benedict-Roth closed circuit method
Pre-requisites
 Person should be awake
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Physically & mentally at rest
Should have not consumed any food during
preceding 10-12 hours (post absorptive)
Surrounding temp should be about 25oC
Benedict Roth Metabolism
apparatus
Procedure
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Subject breathes in O2 from a cylinder
through a mouth piece
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Volume consumed is noted
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CO2 exhaled is absorbed in soda lime
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Time duration is 6 minutes
Calculation
Volume of O2 consumed in 6 min
= Y liters
Volume of O2 consumed in 60 min = 10 x Y
liters
Caloric volume of O2
Heat produced =10xY
=kilocalories/day
=4.8 kcal/liter
x 4.8 x 24
Basal Metabolism
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Energy requirement varies with PAL &
environmental conditions
Energy production =More or less the same under
standard condition known as
“Basal Metabolism”
Conditions:
1.
Awake but complete rest – Physical / mental
2.
Fasting at least 12 – 18 hours – Post absorption
state
Basal Metabolism
Postabsorptive state allowed to avoid
• Effect of digestion and absorption
• Effect of SDA of food stuff
• Prevent any chance of starvation
3. Recumbent / reclining position
4. Remain in normal living condition
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Temperature, Pressure & Humidity 20-25
Basal Metabolism
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Under these conditions the energy expenditure is
only on:
• Respiration
• Circulation
• Muscle tone (skeletal and smooth muscles)
• Functions of viscera (kidney, liver & Brain)
Amount of heat given off by a subject
who though awake is lying in a state of
maximum physical and mental rest
under comfortable condition of
temperature , pressure ,humidity and
12-18 hours post-absorptive state.
B.M.R
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Energy produced, under such Basal
condition per unit time (1 hour) and
per sq. meter of body surface area is
known as Basal Metabolic Rate.