Transcript updated powerpoint for biochemistry

WELCOME TO
BIOCHEMISTRY
UNIT 3 – LAST UNIT OF THE FIRST QUARTER!
RESEARCH BIOLOGY SCHEDULE
• DAY 1- LEARN THE NATURE OF MATTER AND PROPERTIES OF WATER
• DAY 2-WATER OLYMPICS LAB AND LEARN SOLUTIONS/PH & CHEMICAL REACTIONS/ENZYMES
• DAY 3- QUIZ ON MATTER, WATER & PH AND SOLUTION THEN LEARN MACROMOLECULES
• DAY 4- BIOCHEMISTRY VOCAB QUIZ AND BEGIN MACROMOLECULE LAB
• DAY 5- MACROMOLECULE LAB DAY 2
• DAY 6- TEST DAY NOVEMBER 3RD & 4TH
• DAY 7- ENZYME LAB AFTER 4 DAY WEEKEND
TODAY’S PLAN
COVER NOTES FOR “NATURE OF MATTER”
BREAK INTO GROUPS TO COMPLETE PERIODIC TABLE PRACTICE WORKSHEETS
(SO MRS. P CAN CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING)
TAKE A BREAK! ~ YOUR TIME TO GET A BRAIN BREAK
COVER NOTES FOR “PROPERTIES OF WATER” (GETS US READY FOR NEXT
CLASS LAB
TIME TO START HOMEWORK AND GO OVER QUESTIONS
ATOM – THE SMALLEST UNIT OF MATTER (MATTER IS EVERYTHING THAT
HAS A MASS AND VOLUME)
EACH ATOM IS MADE UP OF:
ELECTRONS (-)
PROTONS (+)
NEUTRONS (0)
“What are the positively charged particles of a nucleus called?” _____________________-
WHAT DOES THE PERIODIC TABLE TELL US
ABOUT AN ELEMENT?
Atomic Number
Number of Protons
(in a neutral atom also the number of electrons)
Symbol
Atomic Mass
Protons + Neutrons
ELEMENT
• PURE
• ONE KIND OF ATOM
• PURE GOLD = AU
MOLECULE
COMPOUND
A molecule is formed when two or more atoms join
together chemically. A compound is a molecule that
contains at least two different elements. All
compounds are molecules but not
all molecules are compounds
TRUE OR FALSE?
AN ATOM IS SMALLER THAN AN ELEMENT?
AN ATOM IS SMALLER THAN AN ELEMENT?
IT IS THE SMALLEST AMOUNT OF AN ELEMENT, SO NO
IT IS NOT SMALLER THAN AN ELEMENT ITSELF..
Ice cream analogy…
IF I TELL YOU THAT XENON’S
ATOMIC MASS IS 131,
AND THAT IT’S ATOMIC
NUMBER IS 54
HOW MANY NEUTRONS DOES
IT HAVE?
131 - 54 = 77 NEUTRONS
IONS
• BASED ON CHARGE
• SAME ELEMENT, DIFFERENT NUMBER OF
ELECTRONS
• EXAMPLE QUESTION - “WHAT IS THE
NAME FOR AN ELECTRICALLY
CHARGED ATOM?”
ISOTOPES
• ATOMS THAT HAVE A DIFFERENT
NUMBER OF NEUTRONS
• BASED ON MASS
• SAME ELEMENT
COMPLETE WORKSHEETS AT YOUR TABLES TOGETHER
(EACH PERSON FILL OUT A COPY THOUGH)
LET’S CHECK…
• DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF PROTONS GIVES DIFFERENT? ___________
• DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF ELECTRONS GIVES? _______________
• DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF NEUTRONS GIVES? __________________
GOOD JOB!
• DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF PROTONS GIVES DIFFERENT? ELEMENTS
• DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF ELECTRONS GIVES? IONS
• DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF NEUTRONS GIVES? ISOTOPES
GREEN
LIGHT
4
MINUTES
BOHR MODEL
Valence Electrons
Electrons in the outermost level of the
electron cloud
1. The innermost level can only hold 2
electrons.
2. Levels further out hold 8 electrons.
3. Atoms tend to combine with each other so
that the outer level will have 8 electrons
HOW MANY VALENCE ELECTRONS ARE IN EACH SHELL
(LEVEL) FOR THE ELEMENT OXYGEN?
8 TOTAL
SO 2 THEN 6
1. COVALENT BONDS
• WHEN TWO ATOMS SHARE ELECTRONS IN A COMPOUND
“A chemical bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons is referred to as a _____________
bond”
2. IONIC BONDS
• WHEN AN ATOM LOSES AN ELECTRON AND ANOTHER
GAINS THAT ELECTRON, A COMPOUND IS FORMED
• THEY DO NOT SHARE (THINK OLDER BROTHER/SISTER TO A
YOUNGER)
“What type of bond involves the sharing of electrons?” _______________________
WE LEARNED THAT AN ION IS FORMED WHEN AN
ATOM HAS A CHARGE
• LOSE ELECTRONS = BECOMES MORE POSITIVE
• GAINS ELECTRONS = BECOMES MORE NEGATIVE


+
-
Sodium loses an
electron
Becomes
Chloride gains
an electron
(+)
Becomes
Na + Cl → Na⁺Cl⁻
(-)
HYDROGEN AND VAN DER WAALS
(THE TWO WEAK BONDS)
3. Hydrogen Bonds – bond between molecules (holds
water together)
4. Van der Waals bond – weakest of bonds (bonds
between Gecko’s foot & the molecules of a wall)
Cohesion
Dissolves
Adhesion
PROPERTIES OF WATER (H20)
Liquid vs Gas
High Boiling Point
“In water, the ___________ atom
attracts electrons more strongly than
the ___________
atoms do”
POLARITY -
DENSITY -
High Heat of Vaporization: water
absorbs a lot of energy before
it evaporates
High Specific Heat: water absorbs
a lot of energy before its
temperature is raised
WHO CAN HELP ME FILL IT OUT?
Cohesion
Adhesion
Capillary Action
Surface Tension
Dissolver
High Heat of Vaporization
High Boiling Point
Density
Polarity
CHEMICAL VS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Physical changes
keep the matter in the
same chemical formula
just change shape or
state
Chemical changes are
the formation of an
entirely new compound
with a different
chemical formula than
the original compound.
MORE BIOCHEM EXAMPLE QUESTIONS
WATER (H2O) IS A(N)
• ELEMENT.
• ATOM.
• COMPOUND.
• CARBOHYDRATE.
How do hydrogen bonds affect water’s
properties?
a. Hydrogen bonds explain why
water molecules stick together.
b. Hydrogen bonds cause water to
have a relatively high boiling
point.
c. Hydrogen bonds also cause
water to expand when it freezes.
d. all of the above
The oxygen in a water molecule
a. attracts electrons more
strongly than the hydrogen
atoms.
b. has a slight negative charge.
c. binds to a hydrogen of another
water molecule through a
hydrogen bond.
d. all of the above
DAY 1- DONE!
HOMEWORK(AND ANYTIME
LEFT OVER IN CLASS):
{IN YOUR NOTE PACKET
FOR UNIT 3 PLEASE
COMPLETE PAGES 1-3 (THE
VOCAB SECTIONS)}
Exit Ticket: Please use your
name within your username
so that I can mark you as
participating
WELCOME TO
DAY 2 OF
BIOCHEMISTRY
PLEASE TAKE A SEAT AND COMPLETE THE WARM UP ACTIVITY
RESEARCH BIOLOGY SCHEDULE
 DAY 1- LEARN THE NATURE OF MATTER AND PROPERTIES OF WATER
DAY 2-WATER OLYMPICS LAB AND LEARN SOLUTIONS/PH & CHEMICAL REACTIONS/ENZYMES
DAY 3- QUIZ ON MATTER, WATER & PH AND SOLUTION THEN LEARN MACROMOLECULES
DAY 4- BIOCHEMISTRY VOCAB QUIZ AND BEGIN MACROMOLECULE LAB
DAY 5- MACROMOLECULE LAB DAY 2
DAY 6- TEST DAY NOVEMBER 3RD & 4TH
DAY 7- ENZYME LAB AFTER 4 DAY WEEKEND
TODAY’S PLAN
REVIEW WATER PROPERTIES IN PREPARATION FOR LAB, GO OVER
INSTRUCTIONS
COMPLETE WATER OLYMPICS!
TAKE A BREAK! ~ TIME TO GIVE YOUR A BRAIN BREAK
LEARN ABOUT SOLUTIONS AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS
QUIZ NEXT CLASS ON MATTER AND WATER (DAY 1 MATERIALS)
Each Group Send a Representative to the Board!
Property
Description
Cohesion
Adhesion
Capillary Action
Surface Tension
Dissolver
High Heat of Vaporization
High Boiling Point
Density
Polarity
________________________
All living things are made up of ____________________
_______________________
All things with a mass and volume are made up of _______________
Cohesion
Dissolves
Adhesion
PROPERTIES OF WATER (H20)
Liquid vs Gas
High Boiling Point
POLARITY -
DENSITY -
High Heat of Vaporization: water
absorbs a lot of energy before
it evaporates
High Specific Heat: water absorbs
a lot of energy before its
temperature is raised
WATER OLYMPICS LAB
THE LAYOUT:
6 STATIONS (EVENTS)  EVENT 7 WILL BE DONE IN GROUPS
EACH STATION HAS DIRECTIONS/MATERIALS READY TO GO!
EVERYONE IS A COMPETITOR
2 SET-UPS AT EACH (SO 4 PEOPLE CAN BE AT A STATION)
MRS. PAPALEO WILL BE REFEREE AND ROTATING TO ENSURE ALL IS FAIR
PLEASE FILL OUT YOUR LAB WORKSHEET AS YOU MOVE THROUGH STATIONS 1-6
SHOULD HAVE OUR MEDALISTS IN 20 MINUTES….READY, GO!
EXERCISE YOUR BRAIN
Bond With
AND
Attract
Other Water
Molecules
Causes
Surface Tension
Allowing water
Strider to
Stand on water
Causes
Capillary Action
Allowing water
To Creep up
Thin plastic
tubes
Causes
Causes
High Heat of
Vaporization
Resistance
Helps cool
To changes of
The human
body
Which causes regions
near bodies of water
To vary less in
temperature
temperature
Causes
Expansion
Of water as it
Freezes
Causing ice to
Be less
dense
Float in
Water
Breaks rock
into soil
REVIEW WATER PROPERTIES IN PREPARATION
FOR LAB, GO OVER INSTRUCTIONS
COMPLETE WATER OLYMPICS!
TAKE A BREAK! ~ TIME TO GIVE YOUR A
BRAIN BREAK
GREEN
LIGHT
4
MINUTES
LEARN ABOUT SOLUTIONS AND CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
QUIZ NEXT CLASS ON MATTER AND WATER
(DAY 1 MATERIALS)
DAY 3 OF UNIT 3 – SOLUTIONS/PH AND CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
NOTES
CABBAGE LAB ACTIVITY
WE ARE GOING TO USE CABBAGE JUICE TO TEST FOR ACIDS/BASES
10 UNKNOWNS – NEED ALL 21 STUDENTS TO SPREAD OUT AMONGST 9 GROUPS (SOME 2S
AND SOME 3S)
DO NOT HOLD UNKNOWNS DIRECTLY TO YOUR NOSE AND DO NOT
TOUCH WITH YOUR HANDS
SOLUTIONS AND PH
Mixtures – 2 or more elements or compounds mixed together physically, not
chemically
Types of Mixtures:
1.
2.
Solutions – one or more substances mixed evenly in another substance
Solute
– substance that is dissolved (salt)
Solvent
– substance that does the dissolving (water)
Suspension – materials that don’t dissolve
• SOLVENT : WHAT DOES THE DISSOLVING
EX: WATER
• SOLUTE: WHAT IS DISSOLVED BY THE
SOLVENT EX: SALT
• SOLUTION: WHEN A SOLUTE IS DISSOLVED
INTO
A SOLVENT EX: SALT + WATER
LET’S COMPARE
Mixture- Easily taken
apart
Solution – Not easy to
separate
(But they are both 2
things being put
together)
ANOTHER EXAMPLE…
CHECKPOINT
1. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS AN EXAMPLE OF A SOLUTION?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A PEPPERONI PIZZA
A BOX OF LUCKY CHARMS CEREAL
A GLASS OF ORANGE JUICE
A HOT FUDGE SUNDAE
2. WHICH IS THE STRONGEST ACID?
a.
b.
c.
d.
VINEGAR
SODA POP
ORANGE JUICE
LEMON JUICE
3. A SUBSTANCE THAT CONSISTS OF TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS IS A ____________.
4. MATTER IS ANYTHING THAT TAKES UP SPACE AND HAS ____________.
ACIDS AND BASES
• ACIDS & BASES
•
DISSOCIATION____ – A MOLECULE BREAKS INTO ITS IONS
H2O ↔ H+ + OH-

H+ = HYDRONIUM ION
OH- = HYDROXIDE ION
• ACID – SOLUTION WITH MORE HYDRONIUM
IONS
• HCL = HYDROCHLORIC ACID
• BASE – SOLUTION WITH MORE
IONS
HYROXIDE
• NAOH = SODIUM HYDROXIDE
• PH SCALE – MEASURES THE CONCENTRATION OF
HYDRONIUM IONS; IS LOGARITHMIC, SO EACH STEP IS 10
TIMES MORE ACIDIC OR BASIC
• THE PH SCALE IS A LOGARITHM
• FOR EXAMPLE 1,000 = 103
• SO YOU WOULD SAY THAT VINEGAR (AT A PH OF 3) IS 100 TIMES MORE
ACIDIC THAN COFFEE (AT A PH OF 5)
• MOVING FROM 3 TO 5 IS LIKE MOVING 10 * 10 OR 100
CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND ENZYMES
True of False? _____ Only some chemical reactions need energy to get started
BIOLOGICAL REACTIONS
1. REACTIONS IN LIVING THINGS REQUIRE LARGE AMOUNTS OF
ACTIVATION ENERGY.
2. CATALYSTS ARE CHEMICALS THAT LOWER THE AMOUNT OF
ACTIVATION ENERGY NEEDED.
3. ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS!
During a chemical reaction, the ____________ are used up to create
the products
ENZYME ACTIVITY
REACTIONS DEPEND ON A PHYSICAL FIT BETWEEN AN ENZYME’S
ACTIVE SITE AND ITS SPECIFIC SUBSTRATE (LOCK AND KEY)
1. TWO SUBSTRATES BIND TO AN ENZYME’S ACTIVE SITE, LIKE A
KEY INTO A LOCK.
2. ENZYME’S SHAPE CHANGES SLIGHTLY, BREAKING BONDS IN
EACH SUBSTRATE.
3. NEW BONDS FORM, CREATING NEW PRODUCT(S).
PRACTICE QUESTIONS…
1. A PROCESS THAT CHANGES SOME CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES INTO OTHERS IS A
a.
b.
c.
d.
CHEMICAL BOND.
CHEMICAL REACTION.
CHEMICAL EQUATION.
CHEMICAL FORMULA.
2. WHAT IS THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN ENDOTHERMIC REACTION AND AN
EXOTHERMIC REACTION?
a.
b.
c.
d.
AN ENDOTHERMIC REACTION GIVES OFF ENERGY AND AN EXOTHERMIC REACTION ABSORBS ENERGY.
AN EXOTHERMIC REACTION GIVES OFF ENERGY AND AN ENDOTHERMIC REACTION ABSORBS ENERGY.
AN ENDOTHERMIC REACTION DOES NOT NEED ACTIVATION ENERGY.
ONLY ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS INVOLVE ENZYMES.
3. THE “PUSH” NEEDED TO START A CHEMICAL REACTION IS THE
a.
b.
c.
d.
ENZYMATIC ENERGY.
ENDOTHERMIC ENERGY.
ACTIVATION ENERGY.
REACTANT ENERGY.
END OF DAY 2
EXIT TICKET!
PLEASE USE YOUR NAME AS USERNAME
SO I CAN GIVE YOU CREDIT 
*In your self guided packet
you should have completed
the vocabulary section. Now
you should move on to pages
4 and 5 for True/False.
1.
LEMON JUICE
2.
3.
MILK
4.
SODA
5.
DETERGENT
6.
7.
NAOH
WATER
BAKING SODE
8.
9.
APPLE JUICE
VINEGAR
10. AMMONIA
WHAT ARE MACROMOLECULES?
• MACROMOLECULES ARE VERY LARGE MOLECULES IMPORTANT TO LIVING ORGANISMS. MOST
MACROMOLECULES ARE BUILT BY JOINING SMALLER MOLECULE SUBUNITS
• WHAT ARE THE 4 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CENTRAL TO LIFE ON EARTH?
• WHAT IS THE COMMON ELEMENT AMONGST THEM?
• YOU NEED TO KNOW EACH’S FUNCTION, MONOMER (BUILDING BLOCKS), STRUCTURE AND EXAMPLES
WHAT ARE MACROMOLECULES?
• MACROMOLECULES ARE VERY LARGE MOLECULES IMPORTANT TO LIVING ORGANISMS. MOST MACROMOLECULES ARE
BUILT BY JOINING SMALLER MOLECULE SUBUNITS
• WHAT ARE THE 4 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CENTRAL TO LIFE ON EARTH?
• CARBOHYDRATES
• LIPIDS
• PROTEINS
• NUCLEIC ACIDS
• WHAT IS THE COMMON ELEMENT AMONGST THEM?
CARBON
• YOU NEED TO KNOW EACH’S FUNCTION, MONOMER (BUILDING BLOCKS), STRUCTURE AND EXAMPLES
Biological
Macromolecule
Function
Monomer
Examples
-Glycogen
Carbohydrate
“-ose”
- Short term energy storage
- Structure (cell walls & exoskeletons)
Monosaccharide
-Chitin
-Cellulose
-Glucose fructose galactose
-sucrose lactose maltose
- long term energy storage
Lipids
- Insulates body
- Cushions body organs
Triglyceride
(Glycerol + 3 fatty
acids)
- Transports O2
- Structural support
Proteins
- Enzymes
Amino Acids (20)
- Receptors (cell membranes)
- Defense
Nucleic Acids
- Instructions for making proteins
- Genetic information passed from parent
to offspring
Nucleotide
(5-C sugar + phosphate +
nitrogen base)
Fats, Waxes, Oils, Steroids
-
Hemoglobin
Catalase
Antibodies
Keratin (hair, nails)
Actin/Myosin (muscles)
DNA
RNA
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
Dehydration Reaction – connects
monomers to from polymers
A molecule of water is produced when
two monomers are linked.
Hydrolysis – opposite of a dehydration
reaction

Polymers are broken down into its
monomers

A water molecule is consumed.
 Hydro = water
 Lysis = break
MACROMOLECULES
LIPIDS VS CARBOHYDRATES
• LIPIDS (THINK OIL) ARE INSOLUBLE (THEY DO NOT DISSOLVE IN WATER)
• CARBOHYDRATES (THINK CRACKERS) ARE SOLUBLE IN WATER (THEY DO
DISSOLVE)
• PROTEINS USE PEPTIDE BONDS TO BIND TOGETHER AMINO ACIDS AND
GO THROUGH THE 4 LEVELS OF STRUCTURES
• SECONDARY STRUCTURE YOU WILL SEE ALPHA HELIX AND BETA PLEATED
SHEETS (SEE NOTES PICTURE)
• ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS (END WITH “ASE”) AND TELLS YOU WHAT IT IS
CATALYZING
• REMEMBER SUBSTRATE ATTACHES AT ACTIVE SITE
CARBON
• CARBON IS GROUP 4 OF THE PERIODIC
TABLE
• THEREFORE IT HAS 4 VALENCE ELECTRONS
• THEREFORE IT WANTS TO MAKE 4 BONDS
UNSATURATED = GOOD FATS
SATURATED = WANT TO HAVE IN MODERATION
Unsaturated – avocado,
olive oil, walnuts, red meat
Saturated – butter, fried
foods, frozen dinners,
packaged and processed
foods
Notice the Double Bond in Unsaturated
PROTEIN STRUCTURE
REVIEW OF MACROMOLECULES
MACROMOLECULE VIRTUAL LAB
HTTP://WWW.OCCC.EDU/BIOLOGYLABS/DOCUMENTS/ORGANIC%20COMPOUNDS/ORGANI
C%20COMPOUNDS.HTM
Molecule
Reagent
Initial Color
Final Color after
presence of Molecule
Foods that are positive
for the Molecule
Simple Sugar
(monosaccharide)
Benedicts Reagent
Starch
(carbohydrate)
Iodine
Protein
Biuret Reagent
Lipids (Fat)
Sudan Red