Transcript to view Notes from the Principles of Science Class 2011

Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Today’s Starter Question:
Answer:
Sept 7, 2011
Today’s Topic Classroom Rules /Graphing
List three of the classroom rules:
Sit in your assigned seat
Raise your hand and ask for permission to speak
Be respectful to other students and the teacher
Be in class on time
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Two:
Three:
Write down and go over all vocabulary terms
associated with “graphing”
Data, Jargon, Ordered Pair, Variable, X-Axis,
Y-Axis, Unit, Data Table,
Data Point, Intersection,
Summary Notes: Next Page
Graphing
Wednesday, Sept 7, 2011
Notes
DATA TABLE
Jargon
A specialized Vocabulary used to describe things in a
specific field of study.
Unit
A word or symbol used in a data table that tells how the
Information was measured.
Data
Information of Observations.
Ordered Pair Two pieces of data directly corresponding to one another.
Data Point
The place where the two data lines cross (or intersect).
Data Table
A way to organize data in columns so it is neat and
readable
Title
A brief way to describe the content of a book, graph, or
data table
Variable
A word used in a data table to describe what information
Is being collected
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Sept 7, 2011
Today’s Topic Classroom Rules /Graphing
Summary Notes: Next Page
Activity:
1. Pair up with another student.
2. Take one penny, flip it 5 times and record
the number of times it lands on heads and tails
3. Then flip it 10 times, 15 times, 20 times and
25 times.
4. Record your data any way you like
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Sept 8, 2011
Today’s Topic
Graphing
Today’s Starter Question:
In your own words, describe jargon and data:
Answer:
A specialized vocabulary used to describe things in a
specific field of study: (Jargon)
Information of observations: (Data)
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Two:
Obtain an understanding of how to conduct analysis
on collected data.
Three:
Write a two paragraph analysis on the data collected
Yesterday.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Sept 12, 2011 Today’s Topic
Graphing
Today’s Starter Question:
Answer:
Write the definitions for the following terms: Order Pair,
Data Point, Data Table
Two pieces of data directly corresponding to one another.
The place where the two data lines cross (or intersect).
A way to organize data in columns so it is neat and readable.
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Two:
Make a chart that illustrates the Scientific Methods.
Three:
Summary Notes: Next Page
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Sep 13, 2011
Today’s Topic
Scientific Inquiry
Today’s Starter Question:
Write the steps to the Scientific Method in order.
Answer:
Observation, Research, Hypothesis, Experiment, Analysis, Conclusion.
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Two:
To increase the students’ abilities to better understand
How to use the scientific method to solve problems
Three:
Summary Notes: Next Page
Friday, September 16, 2011
Test
1. A procedure that tests a hypothesis is a(n) ____________.
2. The group that is not altered in an experiment is the ____________.
3. The single change in the manipulated group in an experiment is
a(n) __________________ .
4. The component of an experiment that is influenced by the single change
is called _________________.
5. (a) _______________ may begin with an observation, which leads to
a(n) (b)______________ that is tested by a(n) (c)______________ and,
after many repetitions may result in a(n) (d) _______________.
Words
Hypothesis
Scientific Methods
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Control
Experiment
Theory
Note: You may use one word twice.
Friday, September 16, 2011
Visualizing the
Scientific Method
________________________
_________________________
__________________________
___________________________
____________________________
Form a Hypothesis
Draw a Conclusion
Hypothesis not Supported
Compare the Results
From Similar
Experiments
Additional Experimentation
Based on accepted Hypothesis
Visualizing the
Scientific Method
Observe an unexplained
phenomenon
Monday, September 12, 2011
Collect Information
Make Observation
Ask Questions
Use Prior Knowledge
Review Related Research
Form a Hypothesis
Actual Results
Expected Results
Draw a Conclusion
Hypothesis Supported
Hypothesis not Supported
Report the Results of
The Experiment
Compare the Results
From Similar
Experiments
Accepted Hypothesis
Additional Experimentation
Based on accepted Hypothesis
Refine and test an
Alternate Hypothesis
Repeat Experiment many
Times until results
Are consistent
Conduct an experiment
And record the data
Tuesday, September 13, 2011
Understanding Scientific Method
Scientific Methods
Scientific methods are used by scientists to answer questions and solve problems.
development of the cell theory; one of the most useful theories in biological science,
illustrates how the methods of science work. In 1665 Robert Hooke first observed
cells in cork.
Observation
The first step toward scientific discovery takes place when a scientist observes
Something no one has noticed before.
Developing a hypothesis
A hypothesis is a testable answer to a question. In 1824, Rene’ Dutrochet
Hypothesized that cells are the basic unit of life.
Collecting Data
Data can support or disprove a hypothesis.
Publishing Results
Results of an experiment are useful only if they are made available to other
Scientists.
Tuesday, September 13, 2011
Understanding today’s Objectives
Forming a Theory
A theory is a hypothesis that is supported by a large body of scientific evidence.
Developing a new Hypothesis
A new theory may prompt scientists to ask new questions or form additional
Hypotheses. In 1833, Robert Brown hypothesized that the nucleus is an
Important control center of the cell.
Revising the Theory
Theories are revised as new information is gathered. The cell theory gave
Biologists a start for exploring the basic structure and function of all life.
Important discoveries, including the discovery of DNA, have resulted.
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Sept 14, 2011 Today’s Topic
Graphing
Today’s Starter Question:
Answer:
In your own words, describe , x-axis, Graph, y-axis and
intersection:
The axis that goes across the bottom of the graph
A picture of information in a data table
The axis that runs up and down the side of a graph
The crossing of two lines when graphing.
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Two:
Three:
Learn how to record data accurately. Then, build a
data table.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Wednesday, September 14, 2011
Quiz #1
The axis that runs up and down the side of a graph.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Jargon
Two pieces of data directly corresponding to one another.
Unit
A picture of information in a data table.
Data
Ordered Pair A specialized Vocabulary used to describe things in a
Data Point
specific field of study.
Data Table A word or symbol used in a data table that tells how the
Title
Information was measured.
Variable
A way to organize data in columns so it is neat and
Graph
readable
Intersection A word used in a data table to describe what information
Y-Axis
Is being collected
X-Axis
The crossing of two lines when graphing.
The axis that goes across the bottom of the graph.
Information of Observations.
The place where the two data lines cross (or intersect).
A brief way to describe the content of a book, graph, or
data table
1
Quiz #1
Wednesday, September 14, 2011
Two pieces of data directly corresponding to one another.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Jargon
Unit
Data
Ordered Pair
Data Point
Data Table
Title
Variable
Graph
Intersection
Y-Axis
X-Axis
A picture of information in a data table.
A specialized Vocabulary used to describe things in a
specific field of study.
The axis that runs up and down the side of a graph.
A word or symbol used in a data table that tells how the
Information was measured.
A way to organize data in columns so it is neat and
readable
A word used in a data table to describe what information
Is being collected
The crossing of two lines when graphing.
The axis that goes across the bottom of the graph.
Information of Observations.
The place where the two data lines cross (or intersect).
A brief way to describe the content of a book, graph, or
data table
2
Quiz #1
Wednesday, September 14, 2011
Two pieces of data directly corresponding to one another.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Jargon
Unit
Data
Ordered Pair
Data Point
Data Table
Title
Variable
Graph
Intersection
Y-Axis
X-Axis
A picture of information in a data table.
A specialized Vocabulary used to describe things in a
specific field of study.
The axis that runs up and down the side of a graph.
A brief way to describe the content of a book, graph, or
data table
A way to organize data in columns so it is neat and
readable
A word used in a data table to describe what information
Is being collected
The crossing of two lines when graphing.
The axis that goes across the bottom of the graph.
Information of Observations.
The place where the two data lines cross (or intersect).
A word or symbol used in a data table that tells how the
3
Information was measured.
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Sept 15, 2011 Today’s Topic
Data Table
Today’s Starter Question:
Answer:
In your own words, describe the difference between
the independent and dependent variables.
The single change in the manipulated group in an experiment (Independent)
The component of an experiment that is influenced by the single
change. (Dependent)
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Two:
Three:
Learn how to record data accurately. Then, build a
data table.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Sept 19, 2011 Today’s Topic
Analysis
Today’s Starter Question:
Answer:
In your own words, describe five things you intend to
Include in your analysis of the experiment.
Observation, Components of research, The Experiment Procedures, i.e.
how the experiment was conducted.
Analysis of the data collected, and Conclusion
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Two:
Three:
Write an outline that illustrates the components of
your report. Include notes regarding the required
Inputs.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Outline
1. Observation:
Notes: We looked at four different types of corn crops to determine which
crop was least resistant to infestation.
2. Research:
Notes: List the things that you found out about corn crops and infestation,
whether it’s from on-line research, reading books, visit to library,
asking questions etc…..
3. Form a Hypothesis:
Notes: Your hypothesis should be based on what you thought would happen
as a result of your research.
4. Conduct the Experiment:
Notes: a. Include the Procedures
b. Explain the data Collected
c. Analyze the Data
5. Draw a Conclusion:
a. Tell why one crop is more or less resistant than the other crops.
b. It must be based on the facts and assumptions of your experiment.
c. Use the Data that you collected
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Sept 21, 2011 Today’s Topic
Experiment Report
Today’s Starter Question:
What were the independent and dependent variables for the corn
Answer: infestation experiment? Explain the difference between them.
The single change in the manipulated group in an experiment (Independent)
The experimenter decides the conditions.
The component of an experiment that is influenced by the single change.
(Dependent) Influenced by the experimenter’s decision.
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Complete your report that explains the virtual lab we
Three:conducted regarding resistance to infestation of the
European Corn Borer on four different corn crops:
BT 123, BT456, Super Harvest, and Golden Crop Non BT.
Two:
Summary Notes: Next Page
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Sept 22, 2011 Today’s Topic
Experiment Report
Today’s Starter Question:
Prepare to make an outstanding presentation.
Answer:
Your presentation must cover five paragraphs: Observation, Research,
Hypothesis, Experiment…. Procedures, Data Collected, Analysis of
the Data, and Conclusion.
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Present your report that explains the virtual lab we
Three:conducted regarding resistance to infestation of the
European Corn Borer on four different corn crops:
BT 123, BT456, Super Harvest, and Golden Crop Non BT.
Two:
Summary Notes: Next Page
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Sept 23, 2011 Today’s Topic
Experiment Report
Today’s Starter Question: Prepare to make an outstanding presentation, and complete all
Make-up work. Explain control group and experimental group.
Answer:
Study the vocabulary words that we conducted an assessment on, 14 Sep 11
and 16 Sep 11; scientific inquiry terms and scientific methods
The control is the standard by which the tested results can be compared.
The group receiving the independent variable to see how it affects the
outcome of the experiment
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Two:
Three:
Gain an understanding the steps within an experiment.
testing the Hypothesis
Variables
dependent
independent
Constants and controls
Analysis data
Drawing Conclusion
Being objective
Summary Notes: Next Page
Data Table
Chamber 1
Thursday, September 15, 2011
Chamber 2
GP1 GP2 GP3 GP1 GP2 GP3
BT 123
L I 164.0 162.0 168.3
H I 155.1 163.0 163.4
N I 168.1 164.8 164.7
Golden Non BT Crop
L I 177.4 176.2 178.0
H I 135.4 134.0 138.3
N I 182.0 182.0 184.0
(164.7)
(160.5)
(165.8)
163.6
(177.2)
(135.9)
(182.6)
165.2
Chamber 1
Chamber 2
GP1 GP2 GP3 GP1 GP2 GP3
BT 456
L I 178.0 172.0 174.6
H I 157.3 157.8 154.0
N I 164.1 164.3 161.4
Super Harvest Non BT Crop
L I 154.1 155.8 157.5
H I 125.5 124.0 138.0
N I 164.1 164.3 161.4
(174.8)
(156.4)
(163.1)
161.1
(154.1)
(129.2)
(163.3)
148.9
Scientific Inquiry Metrics
First Period
Observation
Research
Hypothesis
Experiment
Conclusion
Presentation
100 Points
Brown Javonte
10
10
10
50
20
100
Harris Brianna
10
10
10
40
15
85
Smith Stephon
10
10
10
40
15
85
Williams Acazhia
10
10
10
40
15
85
Burris Brian
10
10
10
40
20
90
Hammnnd Kerion
10
10
10
40
10
80
Prater Treevon
10
10
10
40
10
80
Mack Jessica
10
10
10
50
20
100
Clark Scott
10
10
10
40
10
80
Harmon DeMario
10
10
10
45
20
95
Wright shaquile
10
10
10
40
15
85
Smith Darquisha
10
10
10
40
15
85
10 points
Name
10 points 10 points
50 points
20 points
Scientific Inquiry Metrics
Second Period
What Happened 50 Points
Name
Observation
Research
Tate Romanetta
10
10
10
40
Hooker Makalia
10
10
10
Jefferies Arica
10
10
Spencer Cortez
10
Slaughter Bria
Hypothesis Experiment
Conclusion
Presentation
100 Points
50
20
20
90
100
10
40
15
85
10
10
45
15
90
10
10
10
45
15
90
Robinson Trenese
10
10
10
40
15
85
Wills Dallas
10
10
5
40
15
80
Elliott Ariana
10
10
10
50
20
100
Bowman Kiana
10
10
10
40
20
90
Ross Tameesha
10
10
10
40
20
90
Tally Demonte
10
10
10
50
20
100
Smith Arlandra
10
10
10
50
20
100
Scientific Inquiry Metrics
Fourth Period
What Happened 50 Points
Name
Observation
Research
Hypothesis
Experiment
Conclusion
Presentation
100 Points
Rogers Kiana
10
10
10
45
10
85
Williams Dionna
10
10
10
45
10
85
Fenderson Tiffany
10
10
10
45
10
85
Johnson alexanderia
10
10
10
45
10
85
Thompson Aza
10
10
10
45
10
85
Cook Kenya
10
10
10
40
10
80
Holder Walter
10
10
10
45
10
85
Jones arianna
10
10
10
45
15
90
Slaughter Lanisha
10
10
10
45
15
90
Davis Raishaundas
10
10
10
50
20
100
Duckworth Danielle
0
10
10
45
10
75
Beane Darrion
10
10
10
50
20
100
Graham Jaquonna
10
10
10
50
20
100
Donaby Cameron
10
10
10
50
20
100
Johnson Sylvester
10
10
10
40
20
90
Scientific Inquiry Metrics
Fourth Period
What Happened 50 Points
Name
Observation
Research
Hypothesis
Experiment
Conclusion
Presentation
100 Points
McCaster Kyla
10
10
10
50
20
100
Donaby Cameron
10
10
10
50
20
100
Scientific Inquiry Metrics
Fifth Period
What Happened 50 Points
Conclusion
Presentation
100 Points
45
20
90
10
50
20
100
10
10
50
20
100
10
10
10
50
20
100
Raper Xavier
10
10
10
40
20
90
Paraham Jonathan
10
10
10
40
20
90
Rogers Adrian
10
10
10
50
15
95
Phipps dontasya
10
10
10
50
15
95
Collins Monique
10
10
10
50
15
95
Anthony Claretha
10
10
10
50
15
95
Kennedy Dominic
10
10
10
50
15
95
Towns Jaronn
10
10
10
50
15
95
Garner Keith
10
10
10
40
20
90
Woodard Gloria
10
10
10
40
15
85
Bradley Ravion
10
10
10
40
15
85
Name
Observation
Research
Howard Marva
10
5
10
Holman Saul
10
10
Coleman Antoneisha
10
Taylor Kenesha
Hypothesis Experiment
Scientific Inquiry Metrics
Fifth Period
What Happened 50 Points
Observation
Research
Hypothesis
Experiment
Conclusion
Presentation
100 Points
Payne Shakyra
10
10
10
40
20
90
Martin elicia
10
10
10
40
20
90
Hughes Demonie
10
10
10
40
20
90
Reuben Dent
0
0
0
0
0
00
Name
Scientific Inquiry Metrics
Seventh Period
What Happened 50 Points
Name
Observation
Research
Hypothesis
Experiment
Conclusion
Presentation
100 Points
Coates Alyia
10
10
10
50
20
100
Davis darian
10
10
10
45
10
85
Rogers Ajae
10
10
10
45
15
90
Munson Breeuna
10
10
10
45
20
95
Cox Sidney
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fenton Miracle
0
0
0
0
0
0
McGary Demonte
0
0
0
0
0
0
Culmer Lavonte
10
10
10
40
20
90
Meitzenheimer Darrie
0
0
0
0
0
0
Brown Chantel
0
0
0
0
0
0
Culmer Lavonte
10
10
10
40
20
90
Scientific Inquiry Metrics
First Period
What Happened 50 Points
Name
Carlos Coleman
Observation
Research
Hypothesis
Experiment
Conclusion
Presentation
100 Points
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Sept 26, 2011 Today’s Topic
Experiment Report
Today’s Starter Question:
Explain the difference between a theory and a scientific law.
Answer:
A theory is an explanation of things or events based on knowledge gained
From many observations and investigations.
A scientific law is a statement about what happens in nature and that seems
To be true all the time. Laws tell you what will happen under certain conditions,
but they don’t explain why or how something happens.
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Learn the steps within an experiment.
Two:
Three:
Summary Notes: Next Page
Subject:
Principles of Science
Date:
Sept 27- 11
Today’s Topic
SI Units
Today’s Starter Question:
Why do you think we use the SI for the standards worldwide?
Answer:
To keep all research consistent all around the world.
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Learn SI base units.
Learn prefixes used with SI units
Two:
Learn how to recognize and determine significant digits
Three:
SI Based Units.
Base quantity
Length
Mass
Time
Temperature
Amount of Substance
Electric current
Luminous
Base Unit
meter
kilogram
second
kelvin
mole
ampere
candela
Summary Notes: Next Page
Symbol
m
kg
s
K
mol
A
cd
Subject:
Principles of Science
Date:
Sept 27- 11
Today’s Topic
SI Units
Today’s Starter Question:
Write the symbols for the following base quantities: Length,
Answer: Mass, Time, Temperature, Amount of Substance,Electric Current
Luminous Intensity.
m, kg, s, K, mol, A, cd
Today’s Objectives: “Continued:”
One:
Two:
Three:
Prefix
femto
pico
nano
micro
Learn prefixes used with SI units
Learn how to recognize and determine significant digits
Prefixes Used with SI Units
Symbol
f
p
n
µ
Multiplier
0.000000000000001
0.000000000001
0.000000001
0.000001
Scientific Notation
10 -15
10 -12
10 -9
10 -6
Example
femtosecond (fs)
picometer (pm)
nanometer (nm)
microgram (µg)
milli
centi
deci
kilo
mega
m
c
d
k
M
0.001
0.01
0.1
1000
1,000,000
10 -3
10 -2
10 -1
10 3
10 6
milliamps (mA)
centimeter (cm)
deciliter (dL)
kilometer (km)
megagram (Mg)
giga
tera
G
T
1,000,000,000
1,000,000,000,000
10 9
10 12
gigameter (Gm)
terahertz (THz)
Thursday, September 29, 2011
Name___________________________
Quiz #2
Class Period___________________
1. What makes an experiment valid? ______________________________________________________________ .
2. Which is a larger number, a nanosecond or a picosecond? _______________________ .
3. Circle the least precise number between the following numbers.
15.2,
15.02,
15.321
or 1.0456.
4. 0.0000000052 equals ten to which power if written as a scientific notation ______________ .
5. Write the symbols for the prefixes micro and nano respectively._____________
_____________ .
6. The prefix micro has a multiplier of 100, 1000, 10,000, or 1,000,000. (Circle one)
7. The prefix giga has a multiplier of 1,000,000,000,
1,000,000, 10,000, or 1,000,000,000,000. (circle one)
8. How many significant digits are in 5.3075 ___________ ?
9. How many significant digits are in 453.0592 ____________ ?
10. Write the correct answer to the following equation 3.55 X 25 X 7 = _________ ? (use calculator)
11. Why is a hypothesis considered to be an educated guess? ________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
12. Which number is bigger between the following two numbers 10³ or 10,000? (circle one)
13. Which prefix represents the smallest number of the following five, milli, pico, nano, femto or centi? (circle one)
14. What is the base unit for the base quantity “Mass”____________ ?
15. What is the base unit for the base quantity “Luminous Intensity” ____________ ?
Thursday, September 29, 2011
Name___________________________
Test#1
Class Period___________________
Match
Orderly, direct information gathering about a natural phenomenon.
16. Experimental Group
17. Data
An experiment that contains a control group and an
experimental group.
18. Peer Review
Information gained from observation
19. Analysis
A process by which in science, the procedures used during an
experiment and the results are evaluated by other scientists who are
in the same field or conducting similar research.
20. Controlled Experiment
21. Control Group
22. Hypothesis
23. Observation
In an experiment, the group not receiving the factor being tested.
An examination of the parts to determine the status of the whole.
A testable explanation of a situation.
The group exposed to the factor being tested
24. Measurements quantify our _________________ .
25. A measurement is a comparison between an unknown quantity
and a ___________________ .
26. The precision of a measurement is one half the smallest division
of the _________________ .
27. A measure of 67.100 g is precise to the nearest ______________ of a gram.
28. _____________ describes how well the results of a measurement agree
with the “real” value; that is the accepted value as measured by
competent experimenters
29. A common method for checking the accuracy of an instrument is
called the ____________________.
Word Bank
Two point calibration
Instrument
Observation
Standard
Accuracy
thousandth
Scientific Notation
First Period
0.000000001
1.0 X 10
-9
2.435 X 10
0.0000000231
2.31 X 10
243,500,000,000
-8
11
0.00030007
3.0007 X 10
-4
First Period
Scientific Notation
Precision
30.0 m is less precise than 30.01
and 30.01 is less precise than 30.001
5 X 10.3 = 51.5 The answer has to be 52
Because 5 is the least precise number in the
equation
First Period
Precision
Scientific Notation
Thursday, September 29, 2011
Name___________________________
Quiz #2
Class Period___________________
1. What makes an experiment valid? _____________________________________________________ .
2. Which is a larger number, a nanosecond or a picosecond? _______________________ .
3. Circle the least precise number between the following numbers.
15.2,
15.02,
15.321 or 1.0456.
4. 0.0000000052 equals ten to which power if written as a scientific notation ______________ .
5. Write the symbols for the prefixes micro and nano respectively._____________
_____________ .
6. The prefix micro has a multiplier of 100, 1000, 10,000, or 1,000,000. (Circle one)
7. The prefix giga has a multiplier of 1,000,000,000, 1,000,000, 10,000, or 1,000,000,000,000. (circle one)
8. Write the correct answer to the following equation 3.55 X 25 X 7 = _________ ? (use calculator)
9. Which number is bigger between the following two numbers 10³ or 10,000? (circle one)
10. Which prefix represents the smallest number of the following five: milli, pico, nano, femto or
centi? (circle one)
11. What is the base unit for the base quantity “Mass”____________ ?
12. What is the base unit for the base quantity “Luminous Intensity” ____________ ?
Thursday, September 29, 2011
Name___________________________
Quiz #2
Class Period___________________
1. What makes an experiment valid? ______________________________________________________________ .
2. Which is a larger number, a nanosecond or a picosecond? _______________________ .
3. Circle the least precise number between the following numbers.
15.2,
15.02,
15.321
or 1.0456.
4. 0.0000000052 equals ten to which power if written as a scientific notation ______________ .
5. Write the symbols for the prefixes micro and nano respectively._____________
_____________ .
6. The prefix micro has a multiplier of 100, 1000, 10,000, or 1,000,000. (Circle one)
7. The prefix giga has a multiplier of 1,000,000,000,
1,000,000, 10,000, or 1,000,000,000,000. (circle one)
8. How many significant digits are in 5.3075 ___________ ?
9. How many significant digits are in 453.0592 ____________ ?
10. Write the correct answer to the following equation 3.55 X 25 X 7 = _________ ? (use calculator)
11. Why is a hypothesis considered to be an educated guess? ________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
12. Which number is bigger between the following two numbers 10³ or 10,000? (circle one)
13. Which prefix represents the smallest number of the following five, milli, pico, nano, femto or centi? (circle one)
14. What is the base unit for the base quantity “Mass”____________ ?
15. What is the base unit for the base quantity “Luminous Intensity” ____________ ?
Subject:
Principles of Science
Date:
Sept. 29, 2011 Today’s Topic Scientific Notation
Today’s Starter Question:
Identify the significant digits in the following numbers:
0.089, 5.3098, 78.10001, 4.21, 3.1
Answer:
2,
5,
7,
3,
2
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Distinguish between accuracy and precision.
Determine the precision of measured quantities.
Two:
Three:
Measurements quantify our observation.
A measurement is a comparison between an unknown quantity
and a standard.
The degree of exactness of a measurement is called its precision.
The precision of a measurement is one half the smallest division
of the instrument.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Subject:
Principles of Science
Date:
Sept. 28, 2011 Today’s Topic Scientific Notation
Today’s Starter Question:
Identify the significant digits in the following numbers:
0.089, 5.3098, 78.10001, 4.21, 3.1
Answer:
2,
5,
7,
3,
2
Today’s Objectives: “Continued”
One:
Two:
Distinguish between accuracy and precision.
Determine the precision of measured quantities.
Three:
A measure of 67.100 g is precise to the nearest thousandth of a gram.
Accuracy describes how well the results of a measurement agree
with the “real” value; that is the accepted value as measured by
competent experimenters
A common method for checking the accuracy of an instrument is
called the two point calibration.
Does the instrument read 0 when it should and secondly give a
correct reading when it is measuring an accepted standard
Summary Notes: Next Page
Subject:
Principles of Science
Date:
Sept. 30, 2011 Today’s Topic Scientific Notation
Today’s Starter Question:
Answer:
In your own words, explain the difference between multiplying
and dividing using scientific notation
The main difference is the fact that you will add the exponents when multiplying and
you will subtract the exponent of the divisor from the exponent of the dividend
when you divide
Today’s Objectives:
One: Obtain an understanding of how to multiply and divide using scientific notation.
Two:
Multiply the values of M and add the exponents n. Multiply the units.
3
Three:
Example: (4 X 10 kg) (5 X 10
11
m) = (4 X 5) X 103 + 11 kg.m
= 20 X 10 14 kg.m
= 2.0 X 10 15 kg.m
Divide the value of M and subtract the exponent of the divisor from the exponent
of the dividend.
6
3
8
Example: 8 X 10 m
=
X 10 6 – (-3) m 3 - 2
-3
2
2 X 10 m
2
= 4 X 10
9
m
Summary Notes: Next Page
Scientific Notation
First Period
Practice Multiplying and Dividing using
Scientific Notation
(6 X 10 4 kg) (6 X 10
9
m) = (6 X 6) X 10 4 + 9 Kg.m
= 36 X 10 13 Kg.m
= 3.6 X 10 14 Kg.m
Scientific Notation
First Period
Practice Multiplying and Dividing using
Scientific Notation
8
4
4
2
9 X 10 m
3 X 10 m
=
9
3
X 10
4
8 - 4
= 3 X 10 m
2
m
4- 2
Subject:
Principles of Science
Date:
Oct. 3, 11
Today’s Topic
Multiplying and Divding
Scientific Notation
Today’s Starter Question:
Work the following problem: (5 X 10 4 kg) (3 X 10 5 m)
Answer:
= (5 X 3) X 10 4 + 5 kg.m
= 15 X 10 9 kg.m
= 1.5 X 10 10 kg.m
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Gain an understanding of how to add and subtract using the scientific notation:
Two:
You can not add or subtract unlike terms.
Three:
Practice the problems on the following pages to secure a complete understanding of
how to add and subtract using scientific notation.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Scientific Notation
First Period
Practice Adding and Subtracting using
Scientific Notation
9
8
9
9.0X 10 kg + 7.0 X 10 kg
Currently, these two terms are not alike in regard
to scientific notation.
The exponents are not the same
In order to make the exponents the same
Move the decimal one digit to the left.
This causes the exponent to rise by 1
9
Now, rewrite the equation like this
0.9 X 10 9 kg This is the
Make sure you line the decimals up
correct answer.
Now, simply add the bases and leave
the exponents as is
7.0 X 10 kg
7.9 X 10 9 kg
Scientific Notation
All Periods:
Practice Adding and Subtracting using
Scientific Notation
8
9.0X 10 kg
8
-
6
7.0 X 10 kg
Currently, these two terms are not alike in regard
to scientific notation.
The exponents are not the same
In order to make the exponents the same
Move the decimal two digits to the left.
This causes the exponent to rise by 2
8
Now, rewrite the equation like this
9.0 X 10 8 kg This is the
Make sure you line the decimals up
correct answer.
Now, simply subtract the bases and
leave the exponents as is
- 0.07 X 10 kg
8.93 X 10 8 kg
Subject:
Principles of Science
Date:
Oct. 4, 11
Today’s Topic
Multiplying and Divding
Scientific Notation
Today’s Starter Question:
Work the following problem: 5.0 X 105 kg + 3.0 X 10 4 kg
Answer:
= 5.0 X 10 5 kg
+ 0.3 X 10 5 kg
5.3 X 10 5 kg
This is the correct answer
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Learn how to convert related SI units:
Two: Standard: A standard is an exact quantity that people agree to
use to compare measurements.
Three:
Measurement: The dimensions, capacity, or amount of something.
SI: The international system of units, which is used to keep
research consistent around the world.
Volume: The amount of space occupied by an object is called its volume.
Mass: A measurement of quantity of matter in an object.
Density; Is the mass per unit volume of a material.
Summary Notes: Next Page
All Periods
Converting SI Units
A conversion factor is a ratio that is equal to one and is used to change
One unit to another.
For Example, There are 1,000 mL in 1 L, so 1,000 mL = 1 L.
If both sides this equation are divided by 1 L, the equation becomes:
1,000 mL
=1
1L
To convert units, you multiply by the appropriate conversion factor.
For Example,
To convert 1.255 L to mL, multiply 1.255 L by a conversion factor.
Use the conversion factor with new units (mL) in the numerator (on top),
and the old units (L) in the denominator (on bottom).
1,000 mL
1.255 L X
1L
= 1,255 mL
Do all conversions using this concept.
All Periods Homework Practice:
Converting SI Units
Convert 1,567 centimeters to millimeters.
100 mm
1,567 cm =
= 156,700 mm
1 cm
Convert 520 kilometers to meters.
Convert 55.012 kilograms to grams.
Convert 1,000,000 micrometers to centimeters.
All Periods Practice:
Converting SI Units
How long in centimeters is a 3,075 mm rope?
Identify known values and the unknown value.
Identify the known values.
The rope is 3,075 mm 1m = 100 cm = 1,000 mm
Identify the unknown value.
How long in centimeters (cm).
Solve the problem.
This is the equation you need to use:
? Cm =3,075 mm X 100cm
1000 mm
Cancel units and multiply:
100cm
3,075 mm X
= 307.5 cm
1000 mm
Name________________ Scientific Notation Quiz Period______ Date: Oct 5, 2011
4
(1) (6 X 10 kg) (5 X 10 7 m)
(2)
9 X 10
3 X 10
(3) 5.0 X 10
9
kg + 9.0 X 10
7
kg
(5) Convert 1,567 centimeters to millimeters.
(4) 4.0 X 10
7
9
m
6
kg -
m
6
5
8.0 X 10
4
kg
(6) Convert 55.012 kilograms to grams.
Show equations for both of these problems
Name________________ Scientific Notation Quiz Period______ Date: Oct 5, 2011
4
(1) (6 X 10 kg) (5 X 10 7 m)
= (6 X 5) X 10
4+7
(2)
kg.m
3 X 10
(3) 5.0 X 10
kg + 9.0 X 10
9
m
6
m
9
X 10 9 - 6 m
3
3
= 3 X 10 m
11
=
30 X 10 kg.m
= 3.0 X 1012 Kg.m
9
9 X 10
7
kg
(5) Convert 1,567 centimeters to millimeters.
(4) 4.0 X 10
7
kg -
6
5
6 - 5
8.0 X 10
4
kg
(6) Convert 55.012 kilograms to grams.
Show equations for both of these problems
Scientific Notation
Date: Oct 5, 2011
Problem # 3
9
7
9
9.0X 10 kg + 5.0 X 10 kg
Currently, these two terms are not alike in regard
to scientific notation.
The exponents are not the same
In order to make the exponents the same
Move the decimal two digits to the left.
This causes the exponent to rise by 2
9
Now, rewrite the equation like this
0.09X 10 9 kg This is the
Make sure you line the decimals up
correct answer.
Now, simply add the bases and leave
the exponents as is
+5.00 X 10 kg
5.09X 10 9 kg
Scientific Notation
Date: Oct 5, 2011
Problem # 4
7
4.0X 10 kg
7
-
4
7.0 X 10 kg
Currently, these two terms are not alike in regard
to scientific notation.
The exponents are not the same
In order to make the exponents the same
Move the decimal three digits to the left.
This causes the exponent to rise by 3
7
Now, rewrite the equation like this
4.000X 10 7 kg This is the
Make sure you line the decimals up
correct answer.
Now, simply subtract the bases and
leave the exponents as is
- 0.007X 10 kg
3.993X 10 7 kg
Name________________ Scientific Notation Quiz Period______ Date: Oct 5, 2011
(5) Convert 1,567 centimeters to millimeters.
1,567 cm
=
100 mm
1 cm
= 156,700 mm
Convert 55.012 kilograms to grams.
55.012 kg =
1000 g
1 kg
= 55,012 g
Subject:
Physics
Date:
Oct. 5, 2011
Today’s Topic
Multiplying and Divding
Scientific Notation
Today’s Starter Question:
An Astronomical Unit is the standard measurement for the
Answer: distance from Earth to the Sun (AU). The distance is about
150 billion (1.50 X 10 11) Calculate what 1 AU would equal in km
1 AU = 1.50 X 10 11m 1,000 m = 1 km 1.50 X 1011m
8
=
1.50
X10
km
1.0 km
1.50 X 1011 m
X
1.0 X 103 m
1,000 m
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Two:
Three:
Summary Notes: Next Page
Subject:
Date:
Oct. 5, 2011
Today’s Topic
Multiplying and Divding
Scientific Notation
Today’s Starter Question:
An Astronomical Unit is the standard measurement for the
Answer: distance from Earth to the Sun (AU). The distance is about
150 billion (1.50 X 10 11m ) Calculate what 1 AU would equal in km
1 AU = 1.50 X 10 11m 1,000 m = 1 km 1.50 X 1011 m. km
8
=
1.50
X
10
km
1.0 km
1.50 X 1011 m
X
1,000 m 1.0 X 103 m
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Two:
Correctly answer 6 problems related to scientific notation and
Converting from one SI unit to another
Three:
Summary Notes: Next Page
Thursday, September 29, 2011
Name___________________________
Quiz #2
Class Period___________________
1. What makes an experiment valid? ______________________________________________________________ .
2. Which is a larger number, a nanosecond or a picosecond? _______________________ .
3. Circle the least precise number between the following numbers.
15.2,
15.02,
15.321
or 1.0456.
4. 0.0000000052 equals ten to which power if written as a scientific notation ______________ .
5. Write the symbols for the prefixes micro and nano respectively._____________
_____________ .
6. The prefix micro has a multiplier of 100, 1000, 10,000, or 1,000,000. (Circle one)
7. The prefix giga has a multiplier of 1,000,000,000,
1,000,000, 10,000, or 1,000,000,000,000. (circle one)
8. How many significant digits are in 5.3075 ___________ ?
9. How many significant digits are in 453.0592 ____________ ?
10. Write the correct answer to the following equation 3.55 X 25 X 7 = _________ ? (use calculator)
11. Why is a hypothesis considered to be an educated guess? ________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
12. Which number is bigger between the following two numbers 10³ or 10,000? (circle one)
13. Which prefix represents the smallest number of the following five, milli, pico, nano, femto or centi? (circle one)
14. What is the base unit for the base quantity “Mass”____________ ?
15. What is the base unit for the base quantity “Luminous Intensity” ____________ ?
Thursday, September 29, 2011
Name___________________________
Test#1
Class Period___________________
Match
Orderly, direct information gathering about a natural phenomenon.
16. Experimental Group
17. Data
An experiment that contains a control group and an
experimental group.
18. Peer Review
Information gained from observation
19. Analysis
A process by which in science, the procedures used during an
experiment and the results are evaluated by other scientists who are
in the same field or conducting similar research.
20. Controlled Experiment
21. Control Group
22. Hypothesis
23. Observation
In an experiment, the group not receiving the factor being tested.
An examination of the parts to determine the status of the whole.
A testable explanation of a situation.
The group exposed to the factor being tested
24. Measurements quantify our _________________ .
25. A measurement is a comparison between an unknown quantity
and a ___________________ .
26. The precision of a measurement is one half the smallest division
of the _________________ .
27. A measure of 67.100 g is precise to the nearest ______________ of a gram.
28. _____________ describes how well the results of a measurement agree
with the “real” value; that is the accepted value as measured by
competent experimenters
29. A common method for checking the accuracy of an instrument is
called the ____________________.
Word Bank
Two point calibration
Instrument
Observation
Standard
Accuracy
thousandth
Subject:
Principles of Science
Date:
Oct. 11, 11
Today’s Topic
Measuring Volume
Today’s Starter Question:
Write the correct definition for volume:
Answer:
The amount of space occupied by an object is called its volume.
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand how to convert SI units.
One:
Learn how to measure volume and convert from one SI unit
to another SI unit:
Two:
Volume: If you want to know the volume of a solid rectangle, such
as a brick, you measure its length, width, and height
Three:
and multiply the three numbers and their units.
(V = l X w X h) The volume would then be expressed in cubic
centimeters, cm³
To find out how much a moving van can carry, your measurements
probably would be in meters, and the volume would be expressed in
cubic meters m³ because when you multiply you add your exponents.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Measuring Liquid Volume
Date: Oct 11, 2011
In measuring a liquid volume, you are indicating the capacity of the container
that holds that amount of liquid
The most common units for expressing liquid volumes are liters and milliters.
A liter occupies the same volume as a cubic decimeter, dm³.
A cubic decimeter is a cube that is 1 dm or 10 cm on each side:
1cm
1cm
1cm
1 cm X 1 cm X 1 cm = 1 cm³ = 1 mL
1 mL = 1 cm³
Suppose you wanted to convert a measurement in liters to cubic centimeters, you
Use conversion factors to convert L to mL and then mL to cm³.
1.5 L X
1,000 mL
1 L
X
1,500 cm³
1
mL
=
1,500 cm³
Measuring Liquid Volume
Date: Oct 11, 2011
1cm
1cm
1cm
1 cm X 1 cm X 1 cm
= 1 cm³ = 1 mL
1 mL = 1 cm³
1dm
1dm
1dm
1dm X 1dm X 1dm = 1dm³
1dm³ = 1 L
Subject:
Principles of Science
Date:
Oct. 12, 11
Today’s Topic
Measuring Volume
Today’s Starter Question:
Answer:
How many liters of water can a rectangular shaped pan that
measures 20 cm wide, 20 cm long and 20 cm high whole:
20 cm X 20 cm X 20 cm = 8000 cm³
1 mL
8000 mL
1 L
8000 L
X
8000 cm³ X
=
=
=8 L
1 cm³
1000 mL
1
1000
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand how to convert SI units
One:
Two:
Three:
Gain an understanding of how to measure matter.
Mass: Mass is the measurement of the quantity of matter in an
object.
The mass and volume of an object can be used to find the density
of the material the object is made of.
Density: Is the mass per unit volume of a material. You find density by
dividing an object’s mass by the object’s volume.
For example: The density of an object having a mass of 10g
and a volume of 2 cm³ is 5g / cm³
Summary Notes: Next Page
Date: Oct 12, 2011
Measuring Matter
Derived Units:
The measurement unit for density, g / cm³ is a combination of SI units.
A unit obtained by combining different SI units is called a derived unit.
An SI unit multiplied by itself also is a derived unit
Thus the liter, which is based on the cubic decimeter, is a derived unit.
A meter cubed, expressed with an exponent -- m³ -- is a derived unit.
Densities of Some Materials at 20º C
Material
Density g/cm³
Material
Aluminum
Density g/cm³
Hydrogen
0.00009
Oxygen
0.0014
Iron
7.9
Water
1.0
Gold
19.3
2.7
Mini Lab
Date: Oct 13, 2011
Determine the density of different objects:
One Example:
1. Find a pencil that will fit in a 100mL graduated cylinder below the 90
mL mark.
2. Measure the mass of the pencil in grams.
3. Put 90mL of water (initial volume) into a 100mL graduated cylinder.
4. Lower the pencil, eraser first, into the cylinder.
5. Push the pencil down until it is just submerged.
6. Hold it there and record the final volume to the nearest tenth of a
milliliter (mL)
Analysis:
1. Determine the water displacement by the pencil by subtracting the
initial volume from the final volume.
2. Calculate the pencil’s density by dividing its mass by the volume of
displaced.
3. Is the density of the pencil greater than or less than the density of
water? How do you Know?
Subject:
Principles of Science
Date:
Oct. 13, 11
Today’s Topic
Measuring Volume
Today’s Starter Question:
Answer:
What is the density of an object that has a mass of 28 g and a
volume of 7 cm³
28 g
7 cm³
=
4 g /cm³
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand how to convert SI units
One:
Gain an understanding of how to measure time and temperature.
Time: Is the interval between two events.
The SI unit for time is the second.
Temperature: For now, think of temperature as a measure of how
hot or how cold something is.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Measuring Temperature
Date: Oct 13, 2011
Celsius:
On the celsius scale, the freezing point of water is 0º C and the boiling
point of water is 100ºC
The average human temperature is 37ºC, and a typical room temperature
Is between 20º and 25º.
Kelvin and Fahrenheit:
The SI unit of temperature is the kelvin (K).
Zero on the kelvin scale (0K) is the coldest possible temperature, also
known as absolute zero.
Absolute zero is equal to - 273ºC, which is 273º below the freezing point
of water.
The divisions on the Kelvin scale and the Celsius scale are the same.
Therefore, water freezes at 273 Kelvin and boils at 373 Kelvin.
Note, the degrees symbols are not used with the Kelvin scale.
The Fahrenheit scale is based roughly on the temperature of the human
body, 98.6º
Measuring Liquid Volume
Date: Oct 11, 2011
This is a cm³ space or volume capacity.
Expressed like this: 1 cm X 1 cm X 1 cm
= 1 cm³ = 1 mL
1 mL = 1 cm³
1cm
1cm
1cm
1 mL of water from this container
Will fill up this cm³ space:
So this is the
cm³ space
And this is the
mL of water
1 mL of water from this container:
Measuring Liquid Volume
Date: Oct 11, 2011
This is a dm³ space or volume capacity.
Expressed like this: 1 dm X 1 dm X 1 dm
= 1 dm³ = 1 L
1L
= 1 dm³
1dm
1dm
1dm
1 L of water from this container
Will fill up this cm³ space:
dm³ space
And this is the L of water
So this is the
1 L of water from this container:
Subject:
Principles of Science
Date:
Oct. 12, 11
Today’s Topic
Measuring Volume
Today’s Starter Question:
Answer:
How many liters of water can a rectangular shaped pan that
measures 20 cm wide, 20 cm long and 20 cm high whole:
20 cm X 20 cm X 20 cm = 8000 cm³
1 mL
8000 mL
1 L
8000 L
X
8000 cm³ X
=
=
=8 L
1 cm³
1000 mL
1
1000
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand how to convert SI units
One:
Two:
Three:
Gain an understanding of how to measure matter.
Mass: Mass is the measurement of the quantity of matter in an
object.
The mass and volume of an object can be used to find the density
of the material the object is made of.
Density: Is the mass per unit volume of a material. You find density by
dividing an object’s mass by the object’s volume.
For example: The density of an object having a mass of 10g
and a volume of 2 cm³ is 5g / cm³
Summary Notes: Next Page
Date: Oct 12, 2011
Measuring Matter
Derived Units:
The measurement unit for density, g / cm³ is a combination of SI units.
A unit obtained by combining different SI units is called a derived unit.
An SI unit multiplied by itself also is a derived unit
Thus the liter, which is based on the cubic decimeter, is a derived unit.
A meter cubed, expressed with an exponent -- m³ -- is a derived unit.
Densities of Some Materials at 20º C
Material
Density g/cm³
Material
Aluminum
Density g/cm³
Hydrogen
0.00009
Oxygen
0.0014
Iron
7.9
Water
1.0
Gold
19.3
2.7
Mini Lab
Date: Oct 13, 2011
Determine the density of different objects:
One Example:
1. Find a pencil that will fit in a 100mL graduated cylinder below the 90
mL mark.
2. Measure the mass of the pencil in grams.
3. Put 90mL of water (initial volume) into a 100mL graduated cylinder.
4. Lower the pencil, eraser first, into the cylinder.
5. Push the pencil down until it is just submerged.
6. Hold it there and record the final volume to the nearest tenth of a
milliliter (mL)
Analysis:
1. Determine the water displacement by the pencil by subtracting the
initial volume from the final volume.
2. Calculate the pencil’s density by dividing its mass by the volume of
displaced.
3. Is the density of the pencil greater than or less than the density of
water? How do you Know?
Quiz # 3 Oct. 13, 2011
Measuring Liquid and Matter
1. How many liters of water can a rectangular shaped pan that
measures 15 cm wide, 10 cm long and 20 cm high whole?
2. Find the density of an object having a mass of 50 grams and a volume
of 5 cm³.
3. Define a derived unit and give two examples.
Test Oct. 14, 2011
Measuring Liquid and Matter
1. How many liters of water can a rectangular shaped pan that
measures 15 cm wide, 10 cm long and 20 cm high whole?
2. Find the density of an object having a mass of 40 grams and a volume
of 8 cm³.
3. Define a derived unit and give two examples.
4. Write the correct definition for volume:
5. An Astronomical Unit is the standard measurement for the distance
from Earth to the Sun (AU). The distance is about 150 billion
(1.50 X 1011m ) Calculate what 1 AU would equal in km.
Measuring Liquid and Matter
Test Oct. 14, 2011
Solve:
6. Convert 1,567 centimeters to millimeters.
7. Convert 55.012 kilograms to grams.
8.
4
(6 X 10 kg) (5 X 10 7 m)
9.
9 X 10
3 X 10
10. 5.0 X 10
9
kg + 9.0 X 10
7
kg
11. 4.0 X 10
7
9
6
m
m
kg -
6
5
8.0 X 10
4
kg
Subject:
Principles of Science
Date:
Oct. 24, 11
Today’s Topic
Measuring Volume
Today’s Starter Question:
Answer:
What is the density of an object that has a mass of 28 g and a
volume of 7 cm³?
28 g
7 cm³
=
4 g /cm³
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand how to convert SI units
One:
Gain an understanding of how to measure time and temperature.
Time: Is the interval between two events.
The SI unit for time is the second.
Temperature: For now, think of temperature as a measure of how
hot or how cold something is.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Mini Lab
Date: Oct 13, 2011
Determine the density of different objects:
One Example:
1. Find a pencil that will fit in a 100mL graduated cylinder below the 90
mL mark.
2. Measure the mass of the pencil in grams.
3. Put 90mL of water (initial volume) into a 100mL graduated cylinder.
4. Lower the pencil, eraser first, into the cylinder.
5. Push the pencil down until it is just submerged.
6. Hold it there and record the final volume to the nearest tenth of a
milliliter (mL) NOW DO THE SAME FOR PLASTIC AND METAL PAPER CLIP
Analysis:
1. Determine the water displacement by the pencil by subtracting the
initial volume from the final volume.
2. Calculate the pencil’s density by dividing its mass by the volume of
displaced.
3. Is the density of the pencil greater than or less than the density of
water? How do you Know?
Measuring Temperature
Date: Oct 24, 2011
Celsius:
On the celsius scale, the freezing point of water is 0º C and the boiling
point of water is 100ºC
The average human temperature is 37ºC, and a typical room temperature
Is between 20º and 25º.
Kelvin and Fahrenheit:
The SI unit of temperature is the kelvin (K).
Zero on the kelvin scale (0K) is the coldest possible temperature, also
known as absolute zero.
Absolute zero is equal to - 273ºC, which is 273º below the freezing point
of water.
The divisions on the Kelvin scale and the Celsius scale are the same.
Therefore, water freezes at 273 Kelvin and boils at 373 Kelvin.
Note, the degrees symbols are not used with the Kelvin scale.
The Fahrenheit scale is based roughly on the temperature of the human
body, 98.6º
Quiz Key
Measuring Temperature
Date: Oct 25, 2011
A. Zero Degrees
_______ On the celsius scale, the freezing point of water is ___________.
B. 100 Degrees
_______ On the celsius scale, the boiling point of water is ___________.
C. Between 20ºC and 25ºC
_______ On the celsius scale, the average room temperature is _______.
D. 37º Celsius
_______ On the celsius scale, the average human temperature is _______.
E. Kelvin
______ The SI unit of temperature is ____________ .
F. Absolute Zero
______ The coldest possible temperature, also known as ___________.
G. Negative 273ºC
______ Absolute zero is equal to _______ which is 273º below the freezing
point of water.
H. Celsius
______ The divisions on the Kelvin scale and the ______ scale are the
same.
I. Degrees symbols
______ The __________ are not used with the Kelvin scale.
J. Fahrenheit
______ The ________ scale is based roughly on the temperature of the
Human body, 98.6º
Quiz 1st Period
Measuring Temperature
Date: Oct 25, 2011
A. Zero Degrees
1._______ On the celsius scale, the boiling point of water is ___________.
B. 100 Degrees
2. _______ On the celsius scale, the average room temperature is _______.
C. Between 20ºC and 25ºC
3. _______ On the celsius scale, the average human temperature is _______.
D. 37º Celsius
E. Kelvin
F. Absolute Zero
G. Negative 273ºC
4. _______ The coldest possible temperature, also known as _______.
5. _______ Absolute zero is equal to _______ which is 273º below the freezing
point of water.
6. _______ The divisions on the Kelvin scale and the ______ scale are the
same.
7. _______ The __________ are not used with the Kelvin scale.
H. Celsius
I. Degrees symbols
J. Fahrenheit
8. ______ The ________ scale is based roughly on the temperature of the
Human body, 98.6º
9. _______ On the celsius scale, the freezing point of water is ___________.
10. _______ The SI unit of temperature is ____________ .
Quiz 1st Period
Measuring Temperature
Date: Oct 25, 2011
A. Zero Degrees
B
1._______
On the celsius scale, the boiling point of water is ___________.
B. 100 Degrees
C
2. _______
On the celsius scale, the average room temperature is _______.
C. Between 20ºC and 25ºC
D
3. _______
On the celsius scale, the average human temperature is _______.
D. 37º Celsius
E. Kelvin
F. Absolute Zero
G. Negative 273ºC
F
4. _______
The coldest possible temperature, also known as _______.
G
5. _______ Absolute zero is equal to _______ which is 273º below the freezing
point of water.
H
6. _______ The divisions on the Kelvin scale and the ______ scale are the
same.
I
7. _______
The __________ are not used with the Kelvin scale.
H. Celsius
J
8. ______ The ________ scale is based roughly on the temperature of the
Human body, 98.6º
I. Degrees symbols
A
9. _______
On the celsius scale, the freezing point of water is ___________.
J. Fahrenheit
E
10. _______
The SI unit of temperature is ____________ .
Quiz 1st Period
Measuring Temperature
Date: Oct 25, 2011
A. Zero Degrees
B
1._______
On the celsius scale, the boiling point of water is ___________.
B. 100 Degrees
C
2. _______
On the celsius scale, the average room temperature is _______.
C. Between 20ºC and 25ºC
D
3. _______
On the celsius scale, the average human temperature is _______.
D. 37º Celsius
E. Kelvin
F. Absolute Zero
G. Negative 273ºC
F
4. _______
The coldest possible temperature, also known as _______.
G
5. _______ Absolute zero is equal to _______ which is 273º below the freezing
point of water.
H
6. _______ The divisions on the Kelvin scale and the ______ scale are the
same.
I
7. _______
The __________ are not used with the Kelvin scale.
H. Celsius
J
8. ______ The ________ scale is based roughly on the temperature of the
Human body, 98.6º
I. Degrees symbols
A
9. _______
On the celsius scale, the freezing point of water is ___________.
J. Fahrenheit
E
10. _______
The SI unit of temperature is ____________ .
Measuring Matter
Date: Oct 12, 2011
Densities of Some Materials at 20º C
Material
Pencil
Plastic
Paper Clip
Mass(grams)
mL cm³
Density g/cm³
(final – intial)
Temperature Scale Formula and Equations Date: Oct 25, 2011
9/5 = 1.8, 9/4 = 2.25, 10/8 = 1.25
From
Units
To
Units
Equation
Formula
C = (F – 32)/ 1.8
Fahrenheit
Celsius
Fahrenheit
Kelvin
K = F + 459.67) /1.8
Fahrenheit
Rankine
Ra = F + 459.67
Fahrenheit
Re’aumur
Re = (F – 32)/ 2.25
Celsius
Fahrenheit
Celsius
Kelvin
Celsius
Rankine
Celsius
Re’aumur
F = C X 1.8 + 32
K = C + 273.15
Ra = C + 32 + 459.67
Re = C X 0.8
Temperature Scale Formula and Equations Date: Oct 25, 2011
9/5 = 1.8, 9/4 = 2.25, 10/8 = 1.25
From
To
Equation
Units
Units
Kelvin
Celsius
Kelvin
Fahrenheit
F = K X 1.8 - 459.67
Kelvin
Rankine
Ra = K X 1.8
Kelvin
Re’aumur
Rankine
Celsius
Rankine
Fahrenheit
Rankine
Kelvin
Rankine
Re’aumur
Formula
C = K – 273.15
Re = (K – 273.15) X 0.8
C = (Ra – 32 – 459.67/ 1.8
F = Ra – 459.67
K = Ra /1.8
Re = (Ra – 32 – 459.67) 2.25
/
Temperature Scale Formula and Equations Date: Oct 25, 2011
9/5 = 1.8, 9/4 = 2.25, 10/8 = 1.25
From
To
Equation
Re’aumur
Celsius
Re’aumur
Fahrenheit
C = Re X 1.25
F = Re X 2.25 + 32
Re’aumur
Kelvin
K = Re X 1.25 + 273.15
Re’aumur
Rankine
Ra = (Re X 2.25 + 32 + 459.67)
ºC: Degrees Celsius (Centigrade), ºRe: Re’aumur, ºF: Degrees
Fahrenheit, K: Kelvin, ºRa: Rankine
Scale Factor
ºC
Boiling point of
100
Water at 1
atmosphere
Freezing point of
Water at 1
0
atmosphere
ºRe
ºF
K
ºRa
80
212
273.15 671.67
0
32
273.15 491.67
Subject:
Principles of Science
Date:
Oct. 26, 11
Today’s Topic
Describing Motion
Today’s Starter Question:
Convert 23.8 degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit
Answer:
Use this equation: Fahrenheit
(23.8 X 1.8) + 32 = 42.84
/ = 32
= ( C X 1.8) + 32
74.84º Fahrenheit round up to
75º
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand how to convert SI units
One:
Learn how to distinguish between distance and displacement
Review Vocabulary:
Instantaneous: Occurring at a particular instant of time.
Distance: Is how far an object has moved.
Displacement: Is the distance and direction of an object’s change
In position from the starting point.
Speed: Is the distance an object travels per unit of time.
Average Speed: Is the total distance traveled divided by the total time of travel
Instantaneous Speed: Is the speed at a given point in time.
Velocity: Includes the speed of an object and the direction of it’s motion.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Subject:
Principles of Science
Date:
Oct. 26, 11
Today’s Topic
Describing Motion
Today’s Starter Question:
Convert 23.8 degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit
Answer:
Use this equation: Fahrenheit = ( F – 32)
/ 1.8
(75 – 32) /1.8 = 43 /1.8
= 23.8º Celsius
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand how to convert SI units
One:
Learn how to distinguish between distance and displacement
Review Vocabulary:
Instantaneous: Occurring at a particular instant of time.
Distance: Is how far an object has moved.
Displacement: Is the distance and direction of an object’s change
In position from the starting point.
Speed: Is the distance an object travels per unit of time.
Average Speed: Is the total distance traveled divided by the total time of travel
Instantaneous Speed: Is the speed at a given point in time.
Velocity: Includes the speed of an object and the direction of it’s motion.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Subject:
Principles of Science
Date:
Oct. 27, 11
Today’s Topic
Describing Motion
Today’s Starter Question:
Determine the speed of a car that moves 750 meters in 25 seconds
Answer:
=
Use this equation: speed ( in meters / seconds)
distance (in meters)
750 meters
30 m / s
Time (in second)
25 seconds
=
=
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand how to convert SI units
One:
Explain the difference between speed and velocity.
Interpret motion graphs.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Date: Oct 26, 2011
The Classroom
8.27 meters front of class)
Distance (8.96 meters back of class)
Time (in seconds)
The Equation
Speed =
Distance
Time
1. Determine the walking speed for four boys and four girls
in the class.
2. Determine the average walking speed for four boys and
the four girls.
3. If the East Wing is 250 meters away, determine how long
it will take the average boy and girl to walk the distance.
First Period
The Classroom
(Distance in front of room 8.27m)
Name
Time
Date: Oct 26, 2011
(Distance in back of room 8.96m)
Name
Time
Acazhia Williams
7.0 sec
Treevon Prater
8.72 sec
Brianna Harris
8.0 sec
Javonte’ Brown
11.44 sec
Darquisha Smith
9.21 sec
Stephon Smith
5.60 sec
Jessica Mack
?????
Scott Clark
6.69 sec
DeMario Harmon
8.09 sec
Brian Burris
5.09 sec
Speed =
Distance
Time
Joymesia Howard
8.09 sec
Second Period
The Classroom
(Distance in front of room 8.27m)
Name
Dallas Wills
Cortez Spencer
Courtney Bolds
Antonio Harris
Kevinion Gilmore
Kiana Bowman
Demonte Tally
Carlos Coleman
Arica Jefferies
Romanetta Tate
Brandon Mitchell
Brandon ganaway
Christopher Lockett
Speed =
Distance
Time
Time
7.25 sec
6.06 sec
9.21 sec
?????
8.09 sec
8.09 sec
12.97 sec
7.75 sec
7.38 sec
5.94 sec
6.88 sec
6.25 sec
7.19 sec
Date: Oct 26, 2011
(Distance in back of room 8.96m)
Name
Taytiana Franklin
Devonte Carter
Jcari Bean
Time
6.69 sec
8.09 sec
5.09 sec
Fourth Period
(Distance in front of room 8.27m)
Name
Time
Dionna Williams
Kiana Rogers
9.40 sec
7.50 sec
Kenya Cook
Lanisha Slaughter
Shadeisha Barnes
Darrion Beane
Aaliah Beverly
6.28 sec
14.31 sec
10.10 sec
5.88 sec
8.88 sec
Alexus Wilson
Tywand Perry
Date: Oct 26, 2011
The Classroom
(Distance in back of room 8.96m)
Name
Kyla McCaster
Danielle Duckworth
Alexander Johnson
Ariana Jones
Norvell Jackson
Janiece Hearn
Time
6.41 sec
6.06 sec
6.94 sec
6.59 sec
8.09 sec
10.81 sec
Jaquonna Graham
10.16 sec
7.18 sec
9.07 sec
7.84 sec
Kerry Crokett
Immanuel Jones
Oosmane Kennel
Sylvester Johnson
7.47 sec
6.06 sec
7.22 sec
Speed =
Distance
Time
Fifth Period
(Distance in front of room 8.27m)
Name
Elicia Martin
Claretha Anthony
Brynesha Griffin
Reuben Dent
Raishaundas Davis
Xavier Raper
Jonathan Parham
Adrian Rodgers
Keith Garner
Dontasya Phipps
Date: Oct 26, 2011
The Classroom
Time
9.82 sec
8.00 sec
8.50 sec
5.52 sec
4.41 sec
6.28 sec
7.09 sec
5.29 sec
4.79 sec
6.22 sec
(Distance in back of room 8.96m)
Name
Keyasha Rogers
Demonie Hughes
Saul Holman
Shakyra Payne
Gloria Woodard
Monique Collins
Ravion Bradley
Time
10.13 sec
6.30 sec
6.94 sec
6.28 sec
11.19 sec
9.80 sec
10.81 sec
Callie Thomas
10.16 sec
11.00 sec
4.59 sec
5.34 sec
Marva Howard
Antoneisha Coleman
Dominic Kennedy
Jaronn Towns
Speed =
7.47 sec
Distance
Time
Seventh Period
Date: Oct 26, 2011
The Classroom
(Distance in front of room 8.27m)
Name
Alea Alexander
Aliyah Coates
Darian Davis
Miracle Fenton
LaTonna Gilespie
Austyn Lewis
Breeuna Munson
Ajae Rogers
Demarcus Scott
Sidney Cox
Time
9.50 sec
8.00 sec
8.50 sec
Cortesha thomas
8.47 sec
6.28 sec
6.15 sec
12.12 sec
8.84 sec
8.54 sec
8.47 sec
8.47 sec
(Distance in back of room 8.96m)
Name
Aaron Douglas
Lavonte Culmer
Trevonnie Forrest
Kaylan Reese
Jamale Robertson
Malik Thomas
Chantel Brown
Time
10.13 sec
9.20 sec
9.88 sec
7.87 sec
refused sec
7.78 sec
10.81 sec
Steveesha Hornbuckle
Darrie Meitzenheimer
10.16 sec
8.44 sec
7.50 sec
5.34 sec
Devonte Smith
Christopher Brock
Derrica Powell
Speed =
7.47 sec
Distance
Time
First Period
The Classroom
Date: Oct 26, 2011
Knowns:
East Wing is 250 meters from West Wing
Cafeteria is 150 meters from West Wing
Speed =
Distance
Time
Football Field is 450 meters from West Wing
Clark Middle School is 1.2 kilometers from West Wing
If Acazhia and Darquisha had to pick up their papers from Ms. Fort, who is on the
East Wing, who will get to her class first, if they left from this classroom at the
same time? How long will it take the slower person to reach her class?
If Joymesia and Scott Clark wanted to buy some water, but Joymesia went to
The football stadium to purchase her water, and Scott went to the cafeteria to
purchase his water, how much sooner would Scott arrive at the purchasing
Location than Joymesia?
Second Period
The Classroom
Date: Oct 26, 2011
Knowns:
East Wing is 250 meters from West Wing
Cafeteria is 150 meters from West Wing
Speed =
Distance
Time
Football Field is 450 meters from West Wing
Clark Middle School is 1.2 kilometers from West Wing
If Cortez Spencer and Devonte Carter had to pick up their papers from Ms. Fort,
who is on the East Wing, who will get to her class first, if they left from this
classroom at the same time? How long will it take the slower person to reach
her class?
If Taytiana and Courtney Bolds wanted to buy some water, but Joymesia went to
The football stadium to purchase her water, and Scott went to the cafeteria to
purchase his water, how much sooner would Taytiana arrive at the purchasing
Location than Courtney?
Second Period
Knowns:
The Test Review
East Wing is 250 meters from West Wing
Cafeteria is 150 meters from West Wing
Date: Oct 26, 2011
Speed =
Distance
Time
Football Field is 450 meters from West Wing
Clark Middle School is 1.2 kilometers from West Wing
If Cortez Spencer and Devonte Carter had to pick up their papers from Ms. Fort,
who is on the East Wing, who will get to her class first, if they left from this
classroom at the same time? How long will it take the slower person to reach
her class?
First: Determine the speed of both students. Use this equation.
8.27m
Cortez’s speed is determined by: Speed =
= 1.4 m/s
6.06s
8.96m
= 1.1 m/s
Devonte’s speed is determined by: Speed =
8.09s
Determine how it takes each student to walk to the East Wing:
Use this equation Cortez:
1.4 m/s =
250.0 m
Sec ???
= Sec ??? = 250.0 m
1.4 m/s
= 178.6 s
Date: Oct 26, 2011
If Cortez Spencer and Devonte Carter had to pick up their papers from Ms. Fort,
who is on the East Wing, who will get to her class first, if they left from this
classroom at the same time? How long will it take the slower person to reach
her class?
First: Determine the speed of both students. Use this equation.
8.27m
Cortez’s speed is determined by: Speed =
= 1.4 m/s
6.06s
8.96m
= 1.1 m/s
Devonte’s speed is determined by: Speed =
8.09s
Determine how it takes each student to walk to the East Wing:
Use this equation Cortez:
1.4 m/s =
250.0 m
= Sec ??? = 250.0 m
1.4 m/s
Sec ???
Change these seconds to minutes.
178.6 sec X
1
Min
60 Sec
=
178.6
60
Min
= 3 Min
= 178.6 s
Second Period
The Classroom
Date: Oct 26, 2011
Knowns:
East Wing is 250 meters from West Wing
Cafeteria is 150 meters from West Wing
Speed =
Distance
Time
Football Field is 450 meters from West Wing
Clark Middle School is 1.2 kilometers from West Wing
If Alexus Wilson and Norvell Jackson had to pick up their papers from
Ms. Fort, who is on the East Wing, who will get to her class first, if they left
from this classroom at the same time? How long will it take the slower person
to reach her class?
First: Determine the speed of both students. Use this equation.
8.27m
Alexus’ speed is determined by: Speed =
= 1.4 m/s
6.06s
8.96m
Speed =
= 1.1 m/s
Norvall’s speed is determined by:
8.09s
Determine how it takes each student to walk to the East Wing:
Use this equation Alexus:
1.4 m/s =
250.0 m
Sec ???
= Sec ??? = 250.0 m
1.4 m/s
= 178.6 s
Date: Oct 26, 2011
If and Alexus Wilson and Norvell Jackson had to pick up their papers from
Ms. Fort, who is on the East Wing, who will get to her class first, if they left
from this classroom at the same time? How long will it take the slower person
to reach her class?
First: Determine the speed of both students. Use this equation.
8.27m
Alexus’ speed is determined by: Speed =
= 1.4 m/s
6.06s
8.96m
Speed =
= 1.1 m/s
Norvell’s speed is determined by:
8.09s
Determine how it takes each student to walk to the East Wing:
Use this equation Alexus:
1.4 m/s =
250.0 m
= Sec ??? = 250.0 m
1.4 m/s
Sec ???
Change these seconds to minutes.
178.6 sec X
1
Min
60 Sec
=
178.6
60
Min
= 3 Min
= 178.6 s
First Period
The Classroom
Date: Oct 26, 2011
Knowns:
East Wing is 250 meters from West Wing
Cafeteria is 150 meters from West Wing
Speed =
Distance
Time
Football Field is 450 meters from West Wing
Clark Middle School is 1.2 kilometers from West Wing
If Acazhia and Darquisha had to pick up their papers from Ms. Fort, who is on the
East Wing, who will get to her class first, if they left from this classroom at the
same time? How long will it take the slower person to reach her class?
First Period
The Classroom
Date: Oct 26, 2011
Knowns:
East Wing is 250 meters from West Wing
Cafeteria is 150 meters from West Wing
Speed =
Distance
Time
Football Field is 450 meters from West Wing
Clark Middle School is 1.2 kilometers from West Wing
If Acazhia and Darquisha had to pick up their papers from Ms. Fort, who is on the
East Wing, who will get to her class first, if they left from this classroom at the
same time? How long will it take the slower person to reach her class?
First: Determine the speed of both students. Use this equation.
8.27m
Acazhia’s speed is determined by: Speed =
= 1.2m/s
7.0s
8.27m
= .90m/s
Darquisha’s speed is determined by: Speed =
9.2s
Second Period
The Classroom
Date: Oct 26, 2011
Knowns:
East Wing is 250 meters from West Wing
Cafeteria is 150 meters from West Wing
Speed =
Distance
Time
Football Field is 450 meters from West Wing
Clark Middle School is 1.2 kilometers from West Wing
If Xavier Raper and Gloria Woodard had to pick up their papers from
Ms. Fort, who is on the East Wing, who will get to her class first, if they left
from this classroom at the same time? How long will it take the slower person
to reach her class?
First: Determine the speed of both students. Use this equation.
8.27m
Xavier’s speed is determined by: Speed =
= 1.6 m/s
6.28s
8.96m
Speed =
= 1.1 m/s
Gloria’s speed is determined by:
8.09s
Determine how it takes each student to walk to the East Wing:
Use this equation Xavier:
1.6 m/s =
250.0 m
Sec ???
= Sec ??? = 250.0 m
1.6 m/s
= 156.3 s
Date: Oct 26, 2011
If and Alexus Wilson and Norvell Jackson had to pick up their papers from
Ms. Fort, who is on the East Wing, who will get to her class first, if they left
from this classroom at the same time? How long will it take the slower person
to reach her class?
First: Determine the speed of both students. Use this equation.
8.27m
Alexus’ speed is determined by: Speed =
= 1.6 m/s
6.28s
8.96m
Speed =
= 1.1 m/s
Norvell’s speed is determined by:
8.09s
Determine how it takes each student to walk to the East Wing:
Use this equation Alexus:
1.4 m/s =
250.0 m
= Sec ??? = 250.0 m
1.6 m/s
Sec ???
Change these seconds to minutes.
156.3 sec X
1
Min
60 Sec
=
156.3
60
Min
= 2.6 Min
= 156.3 s
Seventh Period
The Classroom
Date: Oct 28, 2011
Knowns:
East Wing is 250 meters from West Wing
Cafeteria is 150 meters from West Wing
Speed =
Distance
Time
Football Field is 450 meters from West Wing
Clark Middle School is 1.2 kilometers from West Wing
If Miracle Fenton and Lavonte Culmer had to pick up their papers from
Ms. Fort, who is on the East Wing, who will get to her class first, if they left
from this classroom at the same time? How long will it take the slower person
to reach her class?
First: Determine the speed of both students. Use this equation.
8.27m
Miracle’s speed is determined by: Speed =
= 1.3 m/s
6.28s
8.96m
= 0.97 m/s
Lavonte’s speed is determined by: Speed =
9.20s
Determine how it takes each student to walk to the East Wing:
Use this equation Miracle:
1.3 m/s =
250.0 m
Sec ???
= Sec ??? = 250.0 m
1.3 m/s
= 192.0 s
Date: Oct 28, 2011
If Miracle Fenton and Lavonte Culmer had to pick up their papers from
Ms. Fort, who is on the East Wing, who will get to her class first, if they left
from this classroom at the same time? How long will it take the slower person
to reach her class?
First: Determine the speed of both students. Use this equation.
8.27m
Miracle’s speed is determined by: Speed =
= 1.3 m/s
6.28s
8.96m
= 0.97 m/s
Lavonte’s speed is determined by: Speed =
9.20 s
Determine how it takes each student to walk to the East Wing:
Use this equation Miracle:
1.3 m/s =
250.0 m
= Sec ??? = 250.0 m
1.3 m/s
Sec ???
Change these seconds to minutes.
192.0 sec X
1
Min
60 Sec
=
192.0
60
Min
= 3.2 Min
= 192.0 s
Name_______________________
Period________
(Test) Date: Nov 1, 2011
Knowns:
East Wing is 250 meters from West Wing
Cafeteria is 150 meters from West Wing
Football Field is 450 meters from West Wing
Clark Middle School is 1.2 kilometers from West Wing
Scott Clark time to walk across the front of the class was 6.69 seconds
Speed =
Distance
Time
Distance across Front of Class
8.27 meters
Distance across back of Class
8.96 meters
Stephon Smith time to walk across the back of the class was 5.60 seconds
If Scott Clark and Stephon Smith went to pick up their papers from Ms. Fort, who is on the
East Wing, who will arrive at her class first based on their normal walking speeds; and if
they left from this classroom at the same time? How long will it take the slower person to
reach Ms Fort’s classroom?
Name_______________________
Period________
(Test)
Knowns:
East Wing is 250 meters from West Wing
Cafeteria is 150 meters from West Wing
Date: Nov 1, 2011
Speed =
Distance
Time
Distance across Front of Class
Football Field is 450 meters from West Wing
8.27 meters
Distance across back of Class
Clark Middle School is 1.2 kilometers from West Wing
8.96 meters
Carlos Colman’s time to walk across the front of the class was 7.75 seconds
Devonte Carter’s time to walk across the back of the class was 8.09 seconds
If Carlos Coleman and Devonte Carter wanted to buy some water, but Carlos went to the
football stadium to purchase his water, and Devonte went to the cafeteria to purchase his
water, how much sooner would Devonte arrive at the cafeteria than Carlos would arrive at
the Football Stadium?
Name_______________________
Period________
(Test)
Knowns:
East Wing is 250 meters from West Wing
Cafeteria is 150 meters from West Wing
Date: Nov 1, 2011
Speed =
Distance
Time
Distance across Front of Class
Football Field is 450 meters from West Wing
8.27 meters
Distance across back of Class
Clark Middle School is 1.2 kilometers from West Wing
8.96 meters
Kenya Cook’s time to walk across the front of the class was 6.28 seconds
Ariana Jones’ time to walk across the back of the class was 6.59 seconds
How long would it take Kenya Cook and Ariana Jones to walk to the Football Stadium and
back to this classroom? Walking speeds are based on the information provided above.
Name_______________________
Period________
(Test)
Knowns:
East Wing is 250 meters from West Wing
Cafeteria is 150 meters from West Wing
Date: Nov 1, 2011
Speed =
Distance
Time
Distance across Front of Class
Football Field is 450 meters from West Wing
8.27 meters
Distance across back of Class
Clark Middle School is 1.2 kilometers from West Wing
8.96 meters
Antoneisha Colman’s time to walk across the front of the class was 4.59 seconds
Adrian Rodgers’ time to walk across the back of the class was 5.29 seconds
How long would it take Antoneisha Colman to walk to the Football Stadium; and
How long will it take Adrian Rodgers to walk to the East Wing? Walking speeds are
based on the information provided above.
Name_______________________
Period________
(Test)
Knowns:
East Wing is 250 meters from West Wing
Cafeteria is 150 meters from West Wing
Date: Nov 1, 2011
Speed =
Distance
Time
Distance across Front of Class
Football Field is 450 meters from West Wing
8.27 meters
Distance across back of Class
Clark Middle School is 1.2 kilometers from West Wing
8.96 meters
Latonna Gilespie’s time to walk across the front of the class was 6.15 seconds
Malik Thomas’ time to walk across the back of the class was 7.78 seconds
If Malik Thomas walked to the Football Stadium and back, and Latonna Gilespie walked to
The East Wing and back, which student would arrive back here in the classroom first?
Also, list the time in minutes between the faster student and the slower student arrival
back at the classroom.
Subject:
Principles of Science
Date:
Nov. 2, 2011
Today’s Topic
Describing Motion
Today’s Starter Question:
Answer:
In your own words, explain how small bit of information can
be used to solve large problems.
Small amounts of information gathered during experiments can be
used all over the world to address pressing problems.
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand how to convert SI units
One:
Learn how to distinguish between distance and displacement
Review Vocabulary:
Instantaneous: Occurring at a particular instant of time.
Distance: Is how far an object has moved.
Displacement: Is the distance and direction of an object’s change
In position from the starting point.
Speed: Is the distance an object travels per unit of time.
Average Speed: Is the total distance traveled divided by the total time of travel
Instantaneous Speed: Is the speed at a given point in time.
Velocity: Includes the speed of an object and the direction of it’s motion.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Wednesday, Nov 2, 2011
Particle Model:
Replacing an object by a single point .
Coordinate system:Tells you where the zero point of the variable you are studying is located
and the direction in which the values of the variable increase.
Origin:
Is the point at which the variables have the value zero.
Position Vector: When you draw an arrow from the origin to the belt on a runner along a
straight line, the arrow is called a position vector. The length of the
position vector is proportional to the distance of the object from the
origin and point s from the origin to the location of the moving object
at a particular time.
Scalar quantity: A quantity that tells you only the magnitude of something.
Vector quantity: A quantity that tells you not only the magnitude of a quantity, but also
its direction.
Displacement:
Defines the distance
0 and1 direction between two
0 positions, or the change
in position.
Time interval:
The difference between t fand t
Distance:
i
which equals Δt = t f- t i
The length , or size of the displacement vector. Distance is a scalar quantity.
Vector quantities are often represented by a letter with an arrow above it; also they
can be represented by boldface letters ex. V for velocity and a for acceleration.
Name___________________
Period____________
Date ____________ Matching
A. Particle Model
A
_____
Replacing an object by a single point .
B. Coordinate system:
B Tells you where the zero point of the variable you are studying is located
_____
and the direction in which the values of the variable increase.
C. Origin:
C Is the point at which the variables have the value zero.
_____
D. Position Vector:
D When you draw an arrow from the origin to the belt on a runner along a
_____
straight line, the arrow is called a position vector. The length of the
position vector is proportional to the distance of the object from the
origin and point s from the origin to the location of the moving object
at a particular time.
E
_____
A quantity that tells you only the magnitude of something.
E. Scalar quantity:
F. Vector quantity:
_____
A quantity that tells you not only the magnitude of a quantity, but also
F
its direction.
G. Displacement:
H. Time interval:
_____
G Defines the distance and direction between two positions, or the change
in position.
H The difference between t and t which equals Δt = t - t
_____
I. Distance:
I
_____
The length , or size of the displacement vector. Distance is a scalar quantity.
J. Instantaneous:
J
_____
Occurring at a particular instant of time.
K. Distance:
K Is how far an object has moved.
_____
L. Displacement:
L
_____
Is the distance and direction of an object’s change In position from the starting point.
M. Speed:
M Is the distance an object travels per unit of time.
_____
N. Average Speed:
N Is the total distance traveled divided by the total time of travel
_____
O. Instantaneous Speed:
O Is the speed at a given point in time.
_____
P. Velocity:
P
_____
Includes the speed of an object and the direction of it’s motion.
Name___________________
Period____________
Date ____________ Matching
A. Particle Model
A
_____
Replacing an object by a single point .
B. Coordinate system:
B Tells you where the zero point of the variable you are studying is located
_____
and the direction in which the values of the variable increase.
C. Origin:
C Is the point at which the variables have the value zero.
_____
D. Position Vector:
D When you draw an arrow from the origin to the belt on a runner along a
_____
straight line, the arrow is called a position vector. The length of the
position vector is proportional to the distance of the object from the
origin and point s from the origin to the location of the moving object
at a particular time.
E
_____
A quantity that tells you only the magnitude of something.
E. Scalar quantity:
F. Vector quantity:
_____
A quantity that tells you not only the magnitude of a quantity, but also
F
its direction.
G. Displacement:
H. Time interval:
_____
G Defines the distance and direction between two positions, or the change
in position.
H The difference between t and t which equals Δt = t - t
_____
I. Distance:
I
_____
The length , or size of the displacement vector. Distance is a scalar quantity.
J. Instantaneous:
J
_____
Occurring at a particular instant of time.
K. Distance:
K Is how far an object has moved.
_____
L. Displacement:
L
_____
Is the distance and direction of an object’s change In position from the starting point.
M. Speed:
M Is the distance an object travels per unit of time.
_____
N. Average Speed:
N Is the total distance traveled divided by the total time of travel
_____
O. Instantaneous Speed:
O Is the speed at a given point in time.
_____
P. Velocity:
P
_____
Includes the speed of an object and the direction of it’s motion.
1
Name___________________
Period____________
Date ____________ Matching
A. Particle Model
A
_____
Replacing an object by a single point .
D. Position Vector:
D
_____
When you draw an arrow from the origin to the belt on a runner along a
straight line, the arrow is called a position vector. The length of the
position vector is proportional to the distance of the object from the
origin and point s from the origin to the location of the moving object
at a particular time.
B. Coordinate system:
B Tells you where the zero point of the variable you are studying is located
_____
and the direction in which the values of the variable increase.
C. Origin:
_____
C Is the point at which the variables have the value zero.
H. Time interval:
H The difference between t and t
_____
F. Vector quantity:
_____
A quantity that tells you not only the magnitude of a quantity, but also
F
its direction.
I
_____
The length , or size of the displacement vector. Distance is a scalar quantity.
I. Distance:
G. Displacement:
K. Distance:
which equals Δt = t - t
_____
G Defines the distance and direction between two positions, or the change
in position.
K Is how far an object has moved.
_____
J. Instantaneous:
J
_____
Occurring at a particular instant of time.
N. Average Speed:
N Is the total distance traveled divided by the total time of travel
_____
L. Displacement:
L
_____
Is the distance and direction of an object’s change In position from the starting point.
O. Instantaneous Speed:
O Is the speed at a given point in time.
_____
M. Speed:
M Is the distance an object travels per unit of time.
_____
P. Velocity:
P
_____
Includes the speed of an object and the direction of it’s motion.
E. Scalar quantity:
E
_____
A quantity that tells you only the magnitude of something.
1
Name___________________
A. Particle Model
B. Coordinate system:
C. Origin:
D. Position Vector:
E. Scalar quantity:
F. Vector quantity:
G. Displacement:
H. Time interval:
Period____________
Date ____________ Matching
_____ Replacing an object by a single point .
_____ When you draw an arrow from the origin to the belt on a runner along a
straight line, the arrow is called a position vector. The length of the
position vector is proportional to the distance of the object from the
origin and point s from the origin to the location of the moving object
at a particular time.
_____ Tells you where the zero point of the variable you are studying is located
and the direction in which the values of the variable increase.
_____ Is the point at which the variables have the value zero.
which equals Δt = t - t
I. Distance:
_____ The difference between t and t
J. Instantaneous:
_____ A quantity that tells you not only the magnitude of a quantity, but also
its direction.
K. Distance:
L. Displacement:
M. Speed:
_____ The length , or size of the displacement vector. Distance is a scalar quantity.
O. Instantaneous Speed:
_____ Defines the distance and direction between two positions, or the change
in position.
_____ Is how far an object has moved.
P. Velocity:
_____ Occurring at a particular instant of time.
N. Average Speed:
_____ Is the total distance traveled divided by the total time of travel
_____ Is the distance and direction of an object’s change In position from the starting point.
_____ Is the speed at a given point in time.
_____ Is the distance an object travels per unit of time.
_____ Includes the speed of an object and the direction of it’s motion.
1
_____ A quantity that tells you only the magnitude of something.
Name___________________
Period____________
Date ____________ Matching
A. Particle Model
A
_____
Replacing an object by a single point .
D. Position Vector:
D
_____
When you draw an arrow from the origin to the belt on a runner along a
straight line, the arrow is called a position vector. The length of the
position vector is proportional to the distance of the object from the
origin and point s from the origin to the location of the moving object
at a particular time.
_____
C Is the point at which the variables have the value zero.
C. Origin:
I. Distance:
K. Distance:
I
_____
The length , or size of the displacement vector. Distance is a scalar quantity.
K Is how far an object has moved.
_____
L. Displacement:
L
_____
Is the distance and direction of an object’s change In position from the starting point.
F. Vector quantity:
M. Speed:
G. Displacement:
H. Time interval:
_____
A quantity that tells you not only the magnitude of a quantity, but also
F
its direction.
M Is the distance an object travels per unit of time.
_____
_____
G Defines the distance and direction between two positions, or the change
in position.
H The difference between t and t which equals Δt = t - t
_____
J. Instantaneous:
J
_____
Occurring at a particular instant of time.
N. Average Speed:
N Is the total distance traveled divided by the total time of travel
_____
B. Coordinate system:
B Tells you where the zero point of the variable you are studying is located
_____
and the direction in which the values of the variable increase.
O Is the speed at a given point in time.
_____
O. Instantaneous Speed:
P. Velocity:
P
_____
Includes the speed of an object and the direction of it’s motion.
E. Scalar quantity:
E
_____
A quantity that tells you only the magnitude of something.
2
Name___________________
A. Particle Model
B. Coordinate system:
C. Origin:
D. Position Vector:
E. Scalar quantity:
F. Vector quantity:
G. Displacement:
H. Time interval:
I. Distance:
J. Instantaneous:
K. Distance:
L. Displacement:
M. Speed:
Period____________
Date ____________ Matching
_____ Replacing an object by a single point .
_____ When you draw an arrow from the origin to the belt on a runner along a
straight line, the arrow is called a position vector. The length of the
position vector is proportional to the distance of the object from the
origin and point s from the origin to the location of the moving object
at a particular time.
_____ Is the point at which the variables have the value zero.
_____ The length , or size of the displacement vector. Distance is a scalar quantity.
_____ Is how far an object has moved.
_____ Is the distance and direction of an object’s change In position from the starting point.
_____ A quantity that tells you not only the magnitude of a quantity, but also
its direction.
_____ Is the distance an object travels per unit of time.
O. Instantaneous Speed:
_____ Defines the distance and direction between two positions, or the change
in position.
_____ The difference between t and t which equals Δt = t - t
P. Velocity:
_____ Occurring at a particular instant of time.
N. Average Speed:
_____ Is the total distance traveled divided by the total time of travel
_____ Tells you where the zero point of the variable you are studying is located
and the direction in which the values of the variable increase.
_____ Is the speed at a given point in time.
_____ Includes the speed of an object and the direction of it’s motion.
_____ A quantity that tells you only the magnitude of something.
2
Name___________________
Period____________
Date ____________ Matching
A. Particle Model
A
_____
Replacing an object by a single point .
D. Position Vector:
I. Distance:
K. Distance:
D
_____
When you draw an arrow from the origin to the belt on a runner along a
straight line, the arrow is called a position vector. The length of the
position vector is proportional to the distance of the object from the
origin and point s from the origin to the location of the moving object
at a particular time.
I
_____
The length , or size of the displacement vector. Distance is a scalar quantity.
K Is how far an object has moved.
_____
L. Displacement:
L
_____
Is the distance and direction of an object’s change In position from the starting point.
F. Vector quantity:
M. Speed:
G. Displacement:
H. Time interval:
_____
A quantity that tells you not only the magnitude of a quantity, but also
F
its direction.
M Is the distance an object travels per unit of time.
_____
_____
G Defines the distance and direction between two positions, or the change
in position.
H The difference between t and t which equals Δt = t - t
_____
J. Instantaneous:
J
_____
Occurring at a particular instant of time.
N. Average Speed:
N Is the total distance traveled divided by the total time of travel
_____
B. Coordinate system:
B Tells you where the zero point of the variable you are studying is located
_____
and the direction in which the values of the variable increase.
O Is the speed at a given point in time.
_____
O. Instantaneous Speed:
P. Velocity:
P
_____
Includes the speed of an object and the direction of it’s motion.
E. Scalar quantity:
E
_____
A quantity that tells you only the magnitude of something.
C. Origin:
_____
C Is the point at which the variables have the value zero.
3
Name___________________
A. Particle Model
B. Coordinate system:
C. Origin:
D. Position Vector:
E. Scalar quantity:
F. Vector quantity:
G. Displacement:
Period____________
Date ____________ Matching
_____ Replacing an object by a single point .
_____ When you draw an arrow from the origin to the belt on a runner along a
straight line, the arrow is called a position vector. The length of the
position vector is proportional to the distance of the object from the
origin and point s from the origin to the location of the moving object
at a particular time.
_____ The length , or size of the displacement vector. Distance is a scalar quantity.
_____ Is how far an object has moved.
_____ Is the distance and direction of an object’s change In position from the starting point.
H. Time interval:
I. Distance:
J. Instantaneous:
K. Distance:
L. Displacement:
_____ A quantity that tells you not only the magnitude of a quantity, but also
its direction.
_____ Is the distance an object travels per unit of time.
N. Average Speed:
_____ Defines the distance and direction between two positions, or the change
in position.
_____ The difference between t and t which equals Δt = t - t
O. Instantaneous Speed:
_____ Occurring at a particular instant of time.
P. Velocity:
_____ Is the total distance traveled divided by the total time of travel
M. Speed:
_____ Tells you where the zero point of the variable you are studying is located
and the direction in which the values of the variable increase.
_____ Is the speed at a given point in time.
_____ Includes the speed of an object and the direction of it’s motion.
_____ A quantity that tells you only the magnitude of something.
_____ Is the point at which the variables have the value zero.
3
Scientific Inquiry Metrics
How to compute acceleration?
What is the acceleration of a vehicle that starts out at 20 m/s, and one minute
later, it is traveling at 80 m/s?
Scientific Inquiry Metrics
How to compute acceleration?
What is the acceleration of a vehicle that starts out at 25 m/s, and one minute
later, it is traveling at 50 m/s?
Scientific Inquiry Metrics
How to compute acceleration?
What is the acceleration of a vehicle that starts out at 30 m/s, and one minute
later, it is traveling at 70 m/s?
Wednesday, Nov 2, 2011
A. Particle Model
__A___ Replacing an object by a single point .
B. Coordinate system:
__B___ Tells you where the zero point of the variable you are studying is located
and the direction in which the values of the variable increase.
C. Origin:
___C__ Is the point at which the variables have the value zero.
D. Position Vector:
___D__ When you draw an arrow from the origin to the belt on a runner along a
straight line, the arrow is called a position vector. The length of the
position vector is proportional to the distance of the object from the
origin and point s from the origin to the location of the moving object
at a particular time.
E. Scalar quantity:
___E__ A quantity that tells you only the magnitude of something.
F. Vector quantity:
__F___ A quantity that tells you not only the magnitude of a quantity, but also
its direction.
G. Displacement:
___G__
Defines the distance and direction between two positions, or the change
10
0
in position.
H. Time interval:
__H___
The difference between t and t
fi
I. Distance:
__I___ The length , or size of the displacement vector. Distance is a scalar quantity
which equals Δt = t - t
Vector quantities are often represented by a letter with an arrow above it; also they
can be represented by boldface letters ex. V for velocity and a for acceleration.
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Nov 3, 2011
Today’s Topic
Accelerated Motion
Today’s Starter Question:
Explain the difference between distance and displacement.
Answer:
Distance is how far an object has moved.
Displacement is the distance and direction of an object’s change
in position from the starting point.
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand how to compute speed and
acceleration
One:
Two:
Three:
Determine how to compute acceleration, and understand the
difference between velocity and speed.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Nov 3, 2011
Today’s Topic
Accelerated Motion
Today’s Starter Question:
Explain why a negative acceleration may not mean that an object is slowing
Answer: down.
An object that has negative acceleration is not slowing
down if the velocity is also negative.
Today’s Objectives:
V
V f
i
V
V
f
Δ V = V - V = V + (- V )
f
i
f
i
(V - V )/ Δ t
f
i
ΔV
a
f
-Vi
-V
i
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Nov 3, 2011
Today’s Topic
Accelerated Motion
Today’s Starter Question:
Explain why an object speeds up when the velocity vector and acceleration
Answer: vector point in the same direction.
Vf
Vf
ΔV
Today’s Objectives:
a
V
f
Begin
Shows an object speeding up in the
positive direction
ΔV
-V
a
ΔV
Shows an object slowing down as it moves
in the positive direction
i
a
Vf
V
i
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Nov 2, 2011
Today’s Topic
Accelerated Motion
Today’s Starter Question:
Explain why an objects speeds up when the velocity vector and acceleration
Answer: vector point in the same direction.
Vf
Vf
ΔV
Today’s Objectives:
a
Begin
Vf
Shows an object speeding up in the
negative direction
ΔV
a
-- V
i
Begin
Shows an object slowing down as it moves
in the negative direction
Vf
Vi
ΔV
a
Explaining the Difference Between Distance and Displacement
If it takes 1 minute to walk 60 meters
60 meters
0
Then, I’m walking 1 m/sec
If it takes 15 seconds to run 45 meters, and 45 seconds to walk the other 15 meters
0
60 meters
Run 45 meters
And 45 seconds to walk 15 meters
Then, my average speed is still 1 m/sec.
If it takes 2 minutes to walk 60 meters
0
60 meters
Then, my average speed is .5 m/sec.
Scientific Inquiry Metrics
How to compute acceleration?
∆V = V f
∆t = t
f
V
i
- t
i
a = ∆V
∆t
What is the acceleration of a vehicle that starts out at 30 m/s, and one minute
later, it is traveling at 45 m/s south?
a =
∆V
∆t
∆V = Vf -
V
i
= 45 m/s - 30 m/s
∆V = 15 m/s
∆t = t
f
- t
i
= 60 s - 0 s
∆t =
a
=
60 s
15 m/s
60 s
= .25 m/s²
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Nov. 7, 2011
Today’s Topic
Newton’s Laws
Today’s Starter Question:
List three things that you already know about Newton’s Laws of motion.
Answer: Newton developed three laws while he was a student at Cambridge University.
Newton’s first law state that an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on
by an outside force, and an object that’s moving in a straight line at a constant
speed will continue moving at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted
on by an outside force.
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand Newton’s Laws of motion
Newton’s second law of motion states that a net force causes an object to
accelerate in the direction of the net force and that the acceleration is
Two:
given by:
Three:
Fnet (in N)
a =
M (in kg)
This means that the acceleration is proportional to the net force (Fnet)
And inversely proportional to the mass (m).
One:
Summary Notes: Next Page
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Nov. 8, 2011
Today’s Topic
Newton’s Laws
Today’s Starter Question:
Explain the difference between proportional and inversely proportional.
Answer: Newton developed three laws while he was a student at Cambridge University.
Newton’s second law of motion states that a net force causes an object to
accelerate in the direction of the net force and that the acceleration is
given by:
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand Newton’s Laws of motion
One:
Gain an understanding of Newton’s Laws of motion by demonstrating them
Two:
Three:
a =
Fnet (in N)
M (in kg)
This means that acceleration and force are proportional.
And acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass (m).
Newton: Is enough force to accelerate 1 kg of mass 1 meter/ second squared
Summary Notes: Next Page
Understanding Newton’s Second Law of Motion
net force ( in Newtons)
Acceleration (in meters/second²) =
Mass ( in kilograms)
You push a friend on a sled.
Your friend and the sled together have a mass of 70 kg.
If the net force on the sled is 35 N, what is the sled’s acceleration?
First: Identify the known values:
The known force on the sled is 35 N. means
Fnet
=
35 N
Your friend and the sled together have a mass of 70 kg. means m = 70 kg
Identify the unknown value:
What is the sled’s acceleration? means a = ?
Solve the problem:
Fnet
35 N
kg m
1
=
X
0.5
a =
=
70 kg
mass
s²
kg
Check your answer:
m/s²
= 0.5 m/s²
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Nov. 9, 2011
Today’s Topic
Newton’s Laws
Today’s Starter Question:
Explain Newton’s second Law of motion.
Answer: Newton developed three laws while he was a student at Cambridge University.
Newton’s second law of motion states that a net force causes an object to
accelerate in the direction of the net force and that the acceleration is
given by:
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand Newton’s Laws of motion
One:
Two:
Gain an understanding of Newton’s Laws of motion by demonstrating them
using physical materials
Three:
Newton’s third Law:
When one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts
a force on the first object that is equal in strength and opposite in direction.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Understanding Newton’s Second Law of Motion
net force ( in Newtons)
Acceleration (in meters/second²) =
Mass ( in kilograms)
Acceleration is directly proportional to Net Force.
Which means an increase in net force causes an increase in acceleration.
Acceleration is inversely proportional to mass.
Which means an increase in mass causes a decrease in acceleration.
Name___________________
Period____________
Date ____________
1. You push a load of books on a sled. The books and the sled together have a mass of 90 kg.
If the net force on the sled is 180 N, what is the sled’s acceleration? (Show all work)
2. Describe and give an example of Newton’s first Law of Motion.
3. Describe and give an example of Newton’s second Law of Motion.
4. Describe and give an example of Newton’s third Law of Motion.
5. Describe and give an example of one Newton (N).
Understand these terms:
The Range of Gravity:
The gravitational force between two masses decreases rapidly as the
distance between the masses increases.
No matter how far the masses are apart, the gravitational force between
them never goes to zero
Because the gravitational force between two objects never disappears,
gravity is called a long range force
Earth’s Gravitational Acceleration:
If you drop two objects from the same height and at the same time,
they will hit the ground at the same time regardless of their masses.
However, there must be no air resistance, hence the objects are in
free fall.
Demonstration:
Sample Problem
Determine the gravitation attraction between the Earth and Sun which is 1.5 X 10 ^11 m
apart, if the mass of the Earth is 2.4 X 10^23 kg and the mass of the Sun is 2.4 X 10 ^26 kg
(mass 1) X (mass 2)
Gravitation Force
=
Constant X
Distance ²
Gravitation Force = 6.6742 X 10
-11
N m² kg
23
-2
X
2.4 X 10 kg X 2.4 X 10
26
kg
(1.5 X 10 11 m)²
(2.4 X 2.4) X 10
(1.5 X 10
49
(5.76) X 10
1.5 X 10
(5.76)
X 10
22
23 + 26
11 x 2
-11
N m² kg
(6.6742 X 3.84 ) X 10
25.6 X 10 16 N m
2.56 X 10 17 m kg
4
-2
X 3.84 X 10
m
2
49 - 22
(-11) + 27
kg
s²
m 4 kg
N m
2 + 2
27
kg
2
m )
kg²
kg² m 2
1.5
6.6742 X 10
kg²
kg² m
(-2) + 2
2
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Nov. 21, 2011 Today’s Topic Gravitation Acceleration
Today’s Starter Question:
Answer:
What are the three things you must know in order to compute the
gravitational attraction between the Earth and the Sun:
You must know the mass of the Earth and the Sun and the distance
Between the two bodies.
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand Gravity.
One:
Gain an understanding of the Earth’s Gravitational Acceleration.
Two:
Three:
Force of gravity (N) = Mass (kg)
X Acceleration of gravity (m/s²
For example, the gravitational force on a sky diver with a mass of 60 kg
would be
F = mg = (60 kg) (9.8 m/s²) = 588 N
Weight: Even if you are not falling, the force of Earth’s gravity still is pulling
you downward
The gravitational force exerted on an object is called the object’s weight.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Understand Horizontal and Vertical Motion
If you throw a ball as hard as you can in a perfect horizontal direction;
then, drop a ball at the same height, the two balls will hit the ground
at the same time.
When an object moves in a circular pattern, it is accelerating even
If the speed is not changing.
The direction of the velocity is changing, therefore, the ball is accelerating.
Acceleration toward the center of a curve of circular path is called
centripetal acceleration
The net force exerted toward the center of a curved path is called
centripetal force.
Centripetal force and traction:
When a car rounds a curve on a highway, a centripetal force must be
acting on the car to keep it moving in a curved path.
This centripetal force is the frictional force, or traction, between the
tires and the road surface.
Understand Horizontal and Vertical Motion
In order for an object to have acceleration, it’s velocity must be changed;
The object must be speeding up, slowing down or changing direction.
Either one of these conditions causes an object to be accelerating.
Understand Newton’s Laws of Motion
This much force:
Will accelerate this amount of Mass:
At this acceleration:
588 N
588 kg
1 m/s²
588 N
1,176 kg
0.5 m/s²
1,176 N
588 kg
2 m/s²
1,176 N
1,176 kg
1 m/s²
294 N
588 kg
0.5 m/s²
294 N
294 kg
1 m/s²
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Nov. 28, 2011 Today’s Topic Gravitation Acceleration
Today’s Starter Question:
What is the difference between mass and the weight of an object.
Answer:
Mass is the amount of matter in an object
Weight is the gravitational force exerted on an object.
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand Gravity.
One:
Gain an understanding of weightlessness, Free Fall and Projectile
Motion.
Two:
Three:
W (N) =
W
mass (kg) X acceleration of gravity (m/s²)
=
mg
Summary Notes: Next Page
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Nov. 23, 2011 Today’s Topic Gravitation Acceleration
Today’s Starter Question:
Complete all make up work.
Answer:
Make up any test or quiz missing up to this point.
Review all previously covered concepts.
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand Gravity.
One:
Two:
Gain an understanding of weightlessness, Free Fall and Projectile
Motion.
Three:
Summary Notes: Next Page
Weight Comparison Table
Date: Nov 28, 2011
Weight Comparison Table (Other bodies in the Solar System)
Weight on Earth
Compared To: (N)
Moon
Venus
Mars
Jupiter
75
12
68
28
190
87
100
17
90
38
254
116
Saturn
You can get on the Christmas List, if you can figure out the gravitational
acceleration for each of these planets.
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Nov. 29, 2011 Today’s Topic
Propulsion
Today’s Starter Question:
Explain why the Moon and Earth will maintain their relative locations to
Answer: each other indefinitely.
The Earth and Moon are both freefalling in space around the sun.
Due to the gravitational force between the Earth and Moon, and the
force between the Sun and both bodies; the Earth and Moon will stay in
The same orbit indefinitely.
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand Gravity.
One:
Two:
Three:
Gain an understanding of how objects can be propelled through
space based on Newton’s third law of motion.
Action and reaction forces don’t cancel.
Example: Rockets use this principle to travel in the vacuum of outer space.
In the rocket engine, burning fuel produces hot gases.
The rocket engine exerts a force on these hot gases and causes them to
escape out the back of the rocket.
By Newton’s third law, the gases exert a force on the rocket and push it forward.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Nov. 30, 2011 Today’s Topic
Propulsion
Today’s Starter Question:
Explain the principles of force and motion that allows a rocket to travel
Answer: long distances in space while using relatively small amounts of fuel.
Newton’s three laws of motion can be applied to the movement of an
object regardless of where it’s located.
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand Momentum
One:
Two:
Gain an understanding of force and changing momentum; and the
Law of Conservation of Momentum.
A moving object has a property called momentum that is related to how
much force is needed to change its motion.
The momentum of an object is the product of its mass and velocity.
Momentum is given the symbol p. Momentum equation is:
Three:
Momentum (kg m/s) = mass (kg) X Velocity (m/s)
p =
mv
Summary Notes: Next Page
Weight Comparison Table
Quiz
Date: Nov 30, 2011
Weight Comparison Table (Other bodies in the Solar System)
Weight on Earth
Compared To: (N)
Moon
Venus
Mars
Jupiter
75
12
68
28
190
87
100
17
90
38
254
116
Saturn
Gravitational
acceleration
For a grade, figure out the gravitational acceleration for each of
these planets. You must do your own work and use prior knowledge
And the information in the above chart to find your answers.
Test Your Understanding of Forces and Gravitation
1. List the four basic forces:
1.
3.
2.
4.
2.
m1 m 2
F = G
d²
If you wanted to compute the gravitational force
between the Earth and the Sun, what four things
you need to know.
1.
3.
2.
4.
3. What is the gravitational force on a sky diver with a mass of 60 kg?
4.
This much force:
Will accelerate this amount of Mass:
At this acceleration:
588 N
________
1 m/s²
588 N
1,176 kg
_______
_______
588 kg
2 m/s²
1,176 N
_______
1 m/s²
5. What is the difference between mass and the weight of an object?
6. What is the weight of an object on Earth with a mass of 55kg?
7. What is the momentum of an object with a mass of 55kg & a velocity of 25m/s ?
Weight Comparison Table (Other bodies in the Solar System)
Weight on Earth
Compared To: (N)
Moon
Venus
Mars
Jupiter
75
12
68
28
190
87
100
17
90
38
254
116
Saturn
List Gravitational
acceleration
For a grade, figure out the gravitational acceleration for each of these bodies. You must do your own
work and use prior knowledge and the information in the above chart to find your answers.
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Dec 5, 2011
Today’s Topic
The Nature of Energy
Today’s Starter Question:
Explain how you determine the amount of force that a baseball will exert
Answer: on your hand, if the baseball has a mass of 3kg and was moving at
10 m/s; and you stop the baseball in 0.5 s.
To determine force, use this equation:
(mvf - mv i )
( 3kg x 0 m/s - 3kg x 10 m/s)
F = -30 kg.m/s)
F =
F=
0.5 s
0.5 s
t
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand the Nature
of Energy.
One:
Two:
Three:
F = - 60 N
This negative answer means that you had to exert 60 N in the opposite
or negative direction of the baseball to change
it’s momentum to zero.
What is Energy: When something is able to change its environment or
itself, it has energy.
Energy is the ability to cause change.
Anything that causes change must have energy.
There are different forms of energy.
Energy can be stored and it can move from place to place.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Understanding the Nature of Energy
Energy has several different forms:
Electrical When you make toast in the morning, you are using electrical
Energy.
Chemical When you eat meat and vegetables in order to grow, you are using
Chemical energy that is stored in the food products.
Radiant
Radiant energy from the Sun travels a vast distance through
space to Earth, warming the planet and providing energy that
enables green plants to grow.
Thermal
The sum of the kinetic and potential energy of all particles in an
object is the thermal energy of the object.
Example:
Kinetic energy
increase
Speed Increases
Molecules within
Potential energy
an object.
increase
Separation Increases
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Dec 6, 2011
Today’s Topic
The Nature of Energy
Today’s Starter Question:
Explain in your own words, why a heated object has more thermal
Answer: energy: The thermal energy of an object is equal to the sum of the
kinetic and potential energy within the object.
When an object is heated, the molecules move faster, raising the kinetic energy;
and the molecules spread farther apart, raising the potential energy, thus
raising the overall thermal energy.
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand the Nature of Energy.
One: Gain an understanding of thermal energy and mass. Be able
to explain specific heat.
Two:
Thermal Energy and Mass:
Three: If you have a glass and beaker of water that are at the same temperature;
however the beaker has twice as much water than the glass, the average
kinetic energy in both containers is the same.
But there are twice as many molecules in the beaker than in the glass,
Therefore the total kinetic energy in there beaker is twice that of the glass.
Heat is thermal energy that flows from something at a higher temperature to
Something at a lower temperature.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Understanding the Nature of Energy particularly (specific heat)
Heat is a form of energy, so it is measured in joules:
m (in kg) v (in m/s )²
KE (in joules) = 1
2
An example to help you understand specific heat:
As a substance absorbs heat, its temperature change depends on the nature of
the substance as well as the amount of heat that is added.
THE AMOUNT OF HEAT (in joules) THAT IS NEEDED TO RAISE THE
TEMPERATURE OF 1kg OF SOME MATERIAL BY 1ºC IS CALLED THE
SPECIFIC HEAT OF THE MATERIAL.
Specific Heat is measured in joules per kilogram degree Celsius [ J / kg ºC ].
If you are at the beach in the summertime, you might notice that the ocean seems
Much cooler than the air or sand.
Even though energy from the Sun is falling on the air, sand and ocean at the same
rate, the temperature of the water has changed less than the temperature of the
air or sand has.
Compared to 1 kg of sand, the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of
1 kg of water by 1ºC is about six times greater.
Understanding the Nature of Energy particularly (specific heat)
The Specific Heat of some common substances:
Substance:
Water
Sand
Wood
Glass
Iron
Specific Heat
[ J / kg º C ] :
Carbon
(graphite)
4,184
697.3
1,760
710
664
450
These numbers Represent the number of joules needed to raise 1 kg of each
Substance 1º C.
Example: If you had 2 kg of water, it would take 4,184 X 2 joules to raise the
temperature by 1º C
If you had 2 kg of sand, it would take 697.3 X 2 joules to raise the
temperature by 1º C
Therefore, if a heat source provided 8,368 j of heat to 2 kg of water and 2 kg of
sand, the temperature of the water would increase by 1º C; and the temperature
Of the sand would increase by 6º C.
This is why the sand on the beach heats up a lot quicker than the ocean.
For a Grade: Name________________ Period______ Date Dec 6, 2011
1. What is specific heat as its related to materials?
2. Explain what it means for an object to have a higher specific heat.
3. List one useful function for a material with a very high specific heat.
4. List one useful function for a material with a very low specific heat.
5. Between sand and iron, which requires more energy to change its temperature by
5 degrees celsius.
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Dec 7, 2011
Today’s Topic
The Nature of Energy
Today’s Starter Question:
Explain in your own words, why do you think water is such a good coolant.
Answer:
Compared with other common materials, water has the highest specific
heat.
Because water can absorb heat without a large change in temperature, it
is useful as a coolant.
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand the Nature of Energy.
One: Gain an understanding of thermal energy and mass. Be able
to explain specific heat.
Two:
Three:
The specific heat of water is high because water molecules form strong
bonds with each other.
When heat is added, some of the added heat has to break some of these bonds
Before the molecules can start moving faster.
In metals, electrons can move freely; therefore, when heat is added, no bonds
Have to be broken before the electrons can start moving faster.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Understanding the Nature of Energy particularly (specific heat)
Changes in thermal energy:
The thermal energy of an object changes when heat flows into or out of the
object. If Q is the change in thermal energy and C is specific heat, the change
in thermal energy can be calculated from the following equation:
Changes in thermal energy (j) =
{
j
{
m (kg) X change in temperature (º C) X Specific heat
kg º C
Find the change in thermal energy of a 20 – kg wooden chair that warns from
15ºC to 25ºC if the specific heat of wood is 1,700 J / (kg º C).
Identify the known values: A wooden chair with a mass of 20 kg means m = 20 kg
Warms from 15ºC to 25ºC means T = 15ºC and T = 25ºC
i
f
The specific heat of wood is 1,700 J / kg º C means C = 1,700 J / (kg º C)
Identify the unknown value: What is the change in thermal energy means Q = ? J
j
T
T
Q=m
1,700
f
i C = 20 kg 25 ºC - 15 ºC
kg º C
j
j
) = 340,000 kg º C
= 340,000 j
= (20 kg) (10ºC) (1,700
kg º C
kg º C
(
)
(
)(
)(
)
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Dec 8, 2011
Today’s Topic
The Nature of Energy
Today’s Starter Question:
Write the thermal energy equation.
Answer:
Q =
(
m T
f
- T
i
)C
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand the Nature of Energy.
One: Gain an understanding of how to measure specific heat.
Two:
The specific heat of a material can be measured using a device called a
Calorimeter.
In a calorimeter, a heated sample is transfers heat to a known mass of water.
Three:
The energy absorbed by the water can be calculated by measuring the water’s
temperature change.
Then the thermal energy released by the sample equals the thermal energy
absorbed by the water.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Understanding the Nature of Energy particularly (specific heat)
Using a Calorimeter
To measure the specific heat of a material, the mass of a sample of the material
is measured, as is the initial temperature of the water in the calorimeter.
The material is then heated, its temperature measured, and the sample is placed
in the water in the inner chamber of the calorimeter.
The sample cools as heat is transferred to the water, and the temperature of the
water increases.
The transfer of heat continues until the sample and the water are at the same
temperature.
Then the initial and final temperatures of the water are known, and the amount of
heat gained by the water can be calculated.
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Dec 8, 2011
Today’s Topic
The Nature of Energy
Today’s Starter Question:
Write an explanation to the five attached questions
Answer:
See Attached Questions
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand the Nature of Energy.
One: Review questions related to the Nature of energy.
Two:
Three:
Questions are attached
Summary Notes: Next Page
For a Grade: Name________________ Period______ Date__________
1. Explain how energy moves when you touch a block of ice with your hand.
2. Describe how the thermal energy of an object changes when the object’s
temperature changes.
3. Infer, When heat flows between two objects, does the temperature increase
of one object always equals the temperature decrease of the other object?
explain.
4. Explain why the specific heat of water is higher than the specific heat of
most substances.
5. Think Critically, Explain whether or not the following statement is true: for any
Objects, the one with the higher temperature always has the more thermal
Energy.
Understanding the Nature of Energy particularly (specific heat)
Changes in thermal energy:
The thermal energy of an object changes when heat flows into or out of the
object. If Q is the change in thermal energy and C is specific heat, the change
in thermal energy can be calculated from the following equation:
Changes in thermal energy (j) =
{
j
{
m (kg) X change in temperature (º C) X Specific heat
kg º C
Find the change in thermal energy of a 20 – kg wooden chair that warns from
15ºC to 25ºC if the specific heat of wood is 1,700 J / (kg º C).
Identify the known values: A wooden chair with a mass of 20 kg means m = 20 kg
Warms from 15ºC to 25ºC means T = 15ºC and T = 25ºC
i
f
The specific heat of wood is 1,700 J / kg º C means C = 1,700 J / (kg º C)
Identify the unknown value: What is the change in thermal energy means Q = ? J
j
T
T
Q=m
1,700
f
i C = 20 kg 25 ºC - 15 ºC
kg º C
j
j
) = 340,000 kg º C
= 340,000 j
= (20 kg) (10ºC) (1,700
kg º C
kg º C
(
)
(
)(
)(
)
Subject: PBIS
Date:
Jan 10, 2012
Today’s Topic
Arrival
Today’s Starter Question:
What do we do when we first arrive at school.
Answer:
See Notes below:
http://mpage.info/hsgn-home
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand the Nature of Energy.
One: Review questions related to the Nature of energy.
Two:
1. Arrive to school NET 7:00 am, then go directly to the cafeteria.
Three:
a. If you arrive after 8:00 am, bring your parent inside.
b. Display your ID if you have one.
2. After you are released from the cafeteria, go directly to your locker.
a. Be dressed according to uniform code.
b. Use appropriate language, cooperate and respect all staff.
3. Use restroom and get to class on time.
a. Refrain from pounding on tables, lockers and walls
b. Always stay in designated areas.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Subject: PBIS
Date:
Jan 10, 2012
Today’s Topic
HallWays
Today’s Starter Question:
What do we do in the hallways.
Answer:
See Notes below:
http://mpage.info/hsgn-home
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand the Nature of Energy.
One: Review questions related to the Nature of energy.
Two:
1. If you are in the hallway, have a signed pass.
Three:
a. Throw all trash in the trash cans, and remove head gear.
b. Keep all food and drinks in the cafeteria
2. Go to lockers at designated times 7:30, 11:00 am and 1:00pm.
a. If you have an ID, have it visible
b. Use quiet voices, and avoid chanting and singing.
3. Walk on the “Right” side of the hallway.
a. All electronic devices should be off and put away
b. Walk in the opposite direction of fights.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Subject: PBIS
Date:
Jan 10, 2012
Today’s Topic
Classroom
Today’s Starter Question:
What do we do in the hallways.
Answer:
See Notes below:
http://mpage.info/hsgn-home
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand the Nature of Energy.
One: Review questions related to the Nature of energy.
Two:
1. Be in class on time..
Three:
a. Do your “do now” right away. Then, participate in class.
b. Follow all classroom rules, and raise your hand and wait to be called.
2. Bring necessary materials to class i.e. paper, pencil, books, homework.
a. Have appropriate materials on your desk.
b. Keep all electronics off and out of sight.
3. Use language that is not vulgar or profane, and refrain from throwing.
a. Refrain from horseplay
b. Show respect to others at all times.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Subject: PBIS
Date:
Jan 10, 2012
Today’s Topic
Restroom
Today’s Starter Question:
What do we do in the hallways.
Answer:
See Notes below:
http://mpage.info/hsgn-home
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand the Nature of Energy.
One: Review questions related to the Nature of energy.
Two:
1. Flush the toilet
Three:
a. Dispose of waste items properly
b. Wash your hands.
2. Report anyone defacing school property, and keep the restroom clean.
a. Respect the privacy of others, and wait your turn.
b. Clean or report spills.
3. Refrain from horseplay at all times.
a. No gathering in the restroom
b. Walk at all times.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Subject: PBIS
Date:
Jan 10, 2012
Today’s Topic
Dismissal
Today’s Starter Question:
What do we do at dismissal time.
Answer:
See Notes below:
http://mpage.info/hsgn-home
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand the Nature of Energy.
One: Review questions related to the Nature of energy.
Two:
1. Wait to be dismissed by the teacher
Three:
a. Follow the teacher’s direction
b. Gather all materials necessary to complete homework assignments.
2. Go directly to your bus and board it immediately.
a. Report directly to designated area if in an after school activity.
b. Wait until you are outside the building to put on your head gear.
3. Walk in opposite direction of fights, and don’t use vulgar language.
a. Walk in an orderly fashion
b. Refrain from horseplay and play fighting.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Jan 11, 2012
Today’s Topic
The Nature of Energy
Today’s Starter Question:
Write the equation for determining the transfer of thermal heat.
Answer:
Q
The transfer of
Thermal Energy
=
m
Mass of the
Material
(T f
)
- Ti
Change in
Temperature
C
Specific
Heat
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand the Nature of Energy.
One: Gain an understanding of how to measure specific heat.
Two:
The specific heat of a material can be measured using a device called a
Calorimeter.
In a calorimeter, a heated sample is transfers heat to a known mass of water.
Three:
The energy absorbed by the water can be calculated by measuring the water’s
temperature change.
Then the thermal energy released by the sample equals the thermal energy
absorbed by the water.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Jan 11, 2012
Today’s Topic
The Nature of Energy
Today’s Starter Question:
Answer:
Q =
Calculate the change in thermal energy of the water in a pond with
A mass of 1,000 kg and a specific heat of 4,184 j /kg ºC if the water
Cools by 1ºC.
Q = 1,000 kg X 1ºC X 4,184 j / kg ºC
m T - T
= 4,184,000 j
f
i C
(
)
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand the Nature of Energy.
One: Gain an understanding of how Thermal Energy is Transferred.
Two:
Three:
Thermal energy is transferred from place to place by conduction,
convection, and radiation.
Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy by collisions between particles
in matter.
Conduction occurs because particle in matter is in constant motion.
Thermal energy is transferred by collisions between particles with more kinetic
energy and particles with less kinetic energy.
When heat is transferred by conduction, thermal energy is transferred from
place to place without transferring matter.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Understanding the Nature of Energy particularly (how thermal energy is transferred)
Example of how energy is transferred by conduction
Take a metal rod
Use a Flame to heat one end of the rod
These particles that are heated move faster which
Causes them to have more kinetic energy.
As the heated particles move faster and collide with the slower
moving particle, kinetic energy is transferred to the slower
moving particles
and eventually will spread to this end of the rod
Through conduction, the thermal energy is transferred throughout the rod
without transferring any matter. It’s done solely by the colliding particles.
For a Grade: Name________________ Period______ Date__________
1. Explain how energy moves when you touch a block of ice with your hand.
2. Describe how the thermal energy of an object changes when the object’s
temperature changes.
3. Infer, When heat flows between two objects, does the temperature increase
of one object always equals the temperature decrease of the other object?
explain.
4. Explain why the specific heat of water is higher than the specific heat of
most substances.
5. Think Critically, Explain whether or not the following statement is true: for any
Objects, the one with the higher temperature always has the more thermal
Energy.
Understanding the Nature of Energy particularly (specific heat)
Using a Calorimeter
To measure the specific heat of a material, the mass of a sample of the material
is measured, as is the initial temperature of the water in the calorimeter.
The material is then heated, its temperature measured, and the sample is placed
in the water in the inner chamber of the calorimeter.
The sample cools as heat is transferred to the water, and the temperature of the
water increases.
The transfer of heat continues until the sample and the water are at the same
temperature.
Then the initial and final temperatures of the water are known, and the amount of
heat gained by the water can be calculated.
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Dec 13, 2011
Today’s Topic
The Nature of Energy
Today’s Starter Question:
Write an explanation to the five attached questions
Answer:
See Attached Questions
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand the Nature of Energy.
One: Review questions related to the Nature of energy.
Two:
Three:
Questions are attached
Summary Notes: Next Page
For a Grade: Name________________ Period___1___ Date Jan. 17,2012
1. Explain how energy moves when you heat one end of a metal rod.
2. Describe how the thermal energy of an object is related to the potential energy and
kinetic energy within the object.
3. Explain thermal energy transfer via conduction.
4. List three ways that thermal energy can be transferred.
5. Calculate the change in thermal energy of the water in a pond with
A mass of 2,000 kg and a specific heat of 4,184 j /kg ºC if the water
Heats up by 6ºC.
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Jan 18, 2012
Today’s Topic
The Nature of Energy
Today’s Starter Question:
Answer:
Explain in your own words, how is thermal energy transferred by
Conduction.
Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy by collisions between particles
in matter.
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand the Nature of Energy.
One: Gain an understanding of how Thermal Energy is Transferred.
Two:
Convection is the transfer of thermal energy in a fluid by the movement
Of warmer and cooler fluid from place to place.
Three:
When convection occurs, more energetic particles move from one place to
another.
As particles move faster, they tend to be farther apart; as a result, a fluid
expands as its temperature increases.
When a fluid expands, its volume increases, but its mass doesn’t change,
As a result, its density decreases.
Summary Notes: Next Page
How does convection occur?
To create a current which can transfer thermal energy by moving warmer or cooler fluids
From one place to another:
Take a lamp that’s filled with oil and alcohol
When the oil is cool, its density is greater than the alcohol, therefore, it sits at the bottom
Of the lamp.
When the tow liquids are heated, the oil becomes less dense than the alcohol.
Because the oil is less dense than the alcohol, it rises to the top of the lamp.
As it rises, it loses heat by conduction to the cooler fluid around it.
By the time the oil reaches the top of the lamp, it has cooled enough to become denser
Than the oil, then it sinks.
This rising and sinking action is a convection current.
In a convection current, both conduction and convection transfer thermal energy.
Name_________________
Period________ Date _________________
Get a glass beaker and 1 gram of black pepper.
1. Fill the beaker to 250 mL of cold water.
2. Sprinkle the 1 gram of black pepper into the water. Describe what you see._______
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. Heat the bottom of the beaker using the burner by placing it on the hot plate.
As the water gets hotter, explain what you see. ________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
4. Make a drawing of the motion of the black pepper.
5. Take the beaker off the burner, and explain what you see as the water cools. ______
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6. Make a drawing of the motion of the black pepper as the water cools.
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Jan 19, 2012
Today’s Topic
The Nature of Energy
Today’s Starter Question:
Answer:
Explain in your own words, how is thermal energy transferred by
Convection.
Convection is the transfer of thermal energy in a fluid by the movement of
warmer and cooler fluid from place to place.
Today’s Objectives: and Aim: Understand the Nature of Energy.
One: Gain an understanding of how Thermal Energy is Transferred.
Two:
Three:
Radiation is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.
These waves can travel through space even when no matter is present.
Energy transferred by radiation often is called radiant energy
When radiant energy strikes a material, some of the energy is absorbed,,
some is reflected and some may be transmitted through the material.
Radiation passes through gases more easily than it does through liquids
and solids..
Summary Notes: Next Page
For a Grade: Name________________ Period______ Date Jan. 23,2012
1. energy moves when you heat one end of a metal rod.
2. Describe how the thermal energy of an object is related to the potential energy and
kinetic energy within the object.
3. Explain thermal energy transfer via conduction.
4. List three ways that thermal energy can be transferred.
5. Calculate the change in thermal energy of the water in a pond with
A mass of 2,000 kg and a specific heat of 4,184 j /kg ºC if the water
Heats up by 6ºC.
Radiation is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.
For a Grade: Name________________ Period______ Date Jan. 23,2012
1. Energy moves from one end of a metal rod by:
a. conduction
c. radiation
b. convection
d. diffusion
2. When the potential energy and the kinetic energy within the object are add, the result
is total:
a. force
c. volume
b. thermal energy
d. mass
3. When thermal energy is transferred, the particles in the object bump into each other
causing the transfer of energy without the transfer of matter.
a. True
b. False
4. Which one of the following is not a way that thermal energy can be transferred.
a. conduction
c. radiation
b. convection
d. diffusion
5. Radiation is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.
a. True
b. False
6. Radiation passes through liquids and solids more easily than it does through gases.
a. True
b. False
7. The transfer of thermal energy in a fluid by the movement of warmer and cooler fluid
from place to place is:
a. conduction
c. radiation
b. convection
d. diffusion
8. As particles move faster, they tend to be farther apart; as a result, a fluid expands as
its temperature _____________ .
a. decreases
c. increases
b. drops below freezing
d. becomes constant
9. This rising and sinking action of a fluid creates a: convection current.
a. conduction path
c. radiation barrier
b. weather front
d. convection current
10. In a convection current, both conduction and convection transfer thermal energy.
a. True
b. False
11. Calculate the change in thermal energy of the water in a pond with a mass of 2,000 kg
and a specific heat of 4,184 j /kg ºC if the water heats up by 6ºC.
12. Calculate the specific heat of a material that has a mass of 150 kg and produces
562,500 j when heated by 6ºC.
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Jan 24, 2012
Today’s Topic
Biochemistry
Today’s Starter Question:
Answer:
Explain how chemistry plays an important part in growth
and development of living organisms.
All biological processes are chemical reactions.
Today’s Objectives:
Identify the particles that make up atoms.
One:
Matter is composed of small particles called atoms.
Two: The study of the building blocks that make up the amazing diversity of life
That we see all around us is the science of chemistry.
Three:
Chemistry is the study of matter. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
Atoms are the building blocks of matter.
Atoms are made up of smaller particles called neutrons, protons, and electrons.
Neutrons and protons are located at the center of the atom which is called the nucleus.
Protons are positively charged particles (P+).
Electrons are negatively charged particles (E-) located on the outside of the nucleus.
Electrons constantly move around the nucleus in energy levels.
Neutrons are particles that have no charge.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Tuesday, Jan. 24, 2012
Student input:
Atom
e-
Nucleus
p+
n
Protons
Neutrons
e-
Electrons
Wednesday, January 25, 2012
Student input:
Covalent Bond
Molecule of Water
p+
ep+
Nucleus
ee-
e-
e-
ee-
e8p+
8n
Protons
e-
Neutrons
e-
The 1st energy level
can hold 2 electrons
H2 O
The second energy
level can hold 8 electrons
Electrons
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Jan 25, 2012
Today’s Topic
Biochemistry
Today’s Starter Question:
Explain the characteristics of the neutron, proton and electron .
Answer:
Neutrons and protons are located at the center of the atom which is
called the nucleus. Protons are positively charged particles (P+).
Electrons are negatively charged particles (E-) located on the outside
of the nucleus. Electrons constantly move around the nucleus in energy
levels.
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Diagram the particles that make up an atom. Compare covalent and ionic
bonds.
An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances
By physical or chemical means. Elements are made of only one type of atom.
Two: The periodic table of elements is organized into horizontal rows, called periods, and
vertical columns called groups.
Three:
Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons are called isotopes.
Isotopes that give off radiation are called radioactive isotopes.
A compound is a pure substance formed when two or more different elements combine.
Compounds are always formed from a specific combination of elements in a fixed ratio.
Compounds are physically and chemically different than the elements that comprise them.
Compounds cannot be broken down into simpler compounds or elements by physical
means, however, they can be broken down by chemical means.
Summary Notes: Next Page
January 24, 2012
Student input:
Covalent Bond
Molecule of Water
ep+
ee-
ee-
p+
Nucleus
ee-
e8p+
8n
Protons
e-
Neutrons
e-
H2 O
Electrons
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Jan 26, 2012
Today’s Topic
Biochemistry
Today’s Starter Question:
Answer:
Explain an isotope and list one thing for which an isotope can
be used.
Changing the number of neutrons can affect the stability of the nucleus,
in some cases causing the nucleus to decay, or break apart. When a
nucleus breaks apart, it give off radiation that can be detected and used
for many applications. Ex. Cancer treatment. (Carbon 14)
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Compare covalent and ionic bonds. Describe the van der Waals force.
The chemical bond that forms when electrons are shared is called a covalent bond.
A molecule is a compound in which the atoms are held together by covalent bonds.
Two: Depending on the number of pairs of electrons that are shared, covalent bonds can
Be single, double, or triple.
Three: An atom that has lost or gained one or more electrons becomes an ion and carries
An electrical charge.
An ionic bond is an electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or
groups of atoms called ions. Substance that are formed by ionic bonds are called ionic
compounds.
Ions in living things include sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and carbonate ions.
Ions help maintain homeostasis as they travel in and out of cells; and they also help
transmit signals among cells that allow you to see, taste, hear, feel, and smell.
Summary Notes: Next Page
March 11 2010
Student input:
Chapter 6
Ionic Bond:
e8 e-
7 e8 e-
2 e11 p+
11 n
17 p+
2 e-
17 n
8 e-
8 e2 e-
8 e11 p+
11 n
Sodium atom + Chlorine atom
+
17 n
+
+
Na
2 e- 17 p+
Cl
Sodium ion
+
NaCl
Chlorine ion
A. Chemical Reactions. __A__All biological processes are_____________________ .
B. Atoms.
__B__Matter is composed of small particles called.__________ .
C. Science of Chemistry __C__The study of the building blocks that make up the amazing diversity of life
That we see all around us is the_______________
D. Matter
__D__Chemistry is the study of_____________ .
E. Mass
__E__ Matter is anything that has ________ and takes up space.
F. Building Blocks
__F__Atoms are the _____________ of matter.
G. Nucleus
H. Protons
__G__Neutrons and protons are located at the center of the atom which is
called the ________.
I. Electrons
__H__ __________ are positively charged particles (P+).
J. Outside
__I__ __________Electrons are negatively charged particles (-)
__J__ Electrons are located on the __________ of the nucleus.
K. Energy Levels
L. Neutrons
M. Element
N. One
O. Periods
P. Groups
Q. Isotopes
__K__ Electrons constantly move around the nucleus in ____________.
__L__ ____________ are particles that have no charge.
__M__An _________ is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into other
substances by physical or chemical means.
__N__ Elements are made of only ________ type of atom.
__O__The periodic table of elements is organized into horizontal rows, called
____________ .
__P__The periodic table of elements is organized into vertical columns called
________.
__Q__Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons are
called _________.
1
R. Radiation.
__R__Isotopes that give off _______ are called radioactive isotopes.
S. Compound
__S__A _________ is a pure substance formed when two or more different
elements combine.
__T__Compounds are always formed from a specific combination of elements
in a __________.
T. Fixed Ratio
U. Chemical
V. Chemical
W. Molecules
X. Shared
Y. Ion
Z. Ionic Bond
AA. Ionic
BB. Homeostasis
__U__Compounds cannot be broken down into simpler compounds or
elements by physical means, however, they can be broken down by
_____________ means.
__V__The chemical bond that forms when electrons are shared is called a
__________ .
__W__A ___________ is a compound in which the atoms are held together by
covalent bonds.
__X__Depending on the number of pairs of electrons that are ______, covalent
bonds can be single, double, or triple.
__Y__An atom that has lost or gained one or more electrons becomes an
_________ and carries an electrical charge.
__Z__An _________ is an electrical attraction between two oppositely charged
atoms or groups of atoms called ions.
__AA__Substance that are formed by ionic bonds are called _______ compounds.
__BB__Ions help maintain ___________ as they travel in and out of cells.
1
A. Chemical Reactions.
B. Atoms.
C. Science of Chemistry
D. Matter
E. Mass
F. Building Blocks
G. Nucleus
H. Protons
I. Electrons
J. Outside
K. Energy Levels
L. Neutrons
M. Element
N. One
__C__The study of the building blocks that make up the amazing diversity of life
That we see all around us is the_______________
__B__Matter is composed of small particles called.__________ .
__L__ ____________ are particles that have no charge.
__F__Atoms are the _____________ of matter.
__D__Chemistry is the study of_____________ .
__E__ Matter is anything that has ________ and takes up space.
__G__Neutrons and protons are located at the center of the atom which is
called the ________.
__A__All biological processes are_____________________ .
__P__The periodic table of elements is organized into vertical columns called
________.
__I__ __________Electrons are negatively charged particles (-)
__K__ Electrons constantly move around the nucleus in ____________.
__H__ __________ are positively charged particles (P+).
O. Periods
__M__An _________ is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into other
substances by physical or chemical means.
P. Groups
__J__ Electrons are located on the __________ of the nucleus.
Q. Isotopes
__N__ Elements are made of only ________ type of atom.
__Q__Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons are
called _________.
__O__The periodic table of elements is organized into horizontal rows, called
1
____________ .
R. Radiation.
__R__Isotopes that give off _______ are called radioactive isotopes.
S. Compound
__V__The chemical bond that forms when electrons are shared is called a
__________ .
__T__Compounds are always formed from a specific combination of elements
in a __________.
T. Fixed Ratio
U. Chemical
V. Chemical
W. Molecules
X. Shared
Y. Ion
Z. Ionic Bond
AA. Ionic
BB. Homeostasis
__U__Compounds cannot be broken down into simpler compounds or
elements by physical means, however, they can be broken down by
_____________ means.
__Z__An _________ is an electrical attraction between two oppositely charged
atoms or groups of atoms called ions.
__W__A ___________ is a compound in which the atoms are held together by
covalent bonds.
__AA__Substance that are formed by ionic bonds are called _______ compounds.
__S__A _________ is a pure substance formed when two or more different
elements combine.
__X__Depending on the number of pairs of electrons that are ______, covalent
bonds can be single, double, or triple.
__Y__An atom that has lost or gained one or more electrons becomes an
_________ and carries an electrical charge.
__BB__Ions help maintain ___________ as they travel in and out of cells.
1
For a Grade:
Name________________ Period______ Date Jan. 27,2012
A. Chemical Reactions.
B. Atoms.
C. Science of Chemistry
D. Matter
E. Mass
F. Building Blocks
G. Nucleus
H. Protons
I. Electrons
J. Outside
K. Energy Levels
L. Neutrons
M. Element
N. One
____The study of the building blocks that make up the amazing diversity of life
That we see all around us is the_______________
____Matter is composed of small particles called.__________ .
____ ____________ are particles that have no charge.
____Atoms are the _____________ of matter.
____Chemistry is the study of_____________ .
____ Matter is anything that has ________ and takes up space.
____Neutrons and protons are located at the center of the atom which is
called the ________.
____All biological processes are_____________________ .
____The periodic table of elements is organized into vertical columns called
________.
____ __________Electrons are negatively charged particles (-)
____ Electrons constantly move around the nucleus in ____________.
____ __________ are positively charged particles (P+).
O. Periods
____An _________ is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into other
substances by physical or chemical means.
P. Groups
____ Electrons are located on the __________ of the nucleus.
Q. Isotopes
____ Elements are made of only ________ type of atom.
____Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons are
called _________.
____The periodic table of elements is organized into horizontal rows, called
For a Grade:
Name________________ Period______ Date Jan. 27,2012
R. Radiation.
____Isotopes that give off _______ are called radioactive isotopes.
S. Compound
____The chemical bond that forms when electrons are shared is called a
__________ .
____Compounds are always formed from a specific combination of elements
in a __________.
T. Fixed Ratio
U. Chemical
V. Chemical
W. Molecules
X. Shared
Y. Ion
Z. Ionic Bond
AA. Ionic
BB. Homeostasis
____Compounds cannot be broken down into simpler compounds or
elements by physical means, however, they can be broken down by
_____________ means.
____An _________ is an electrical attraction between two oppositely charged
atoms or groups of atoms called ions.
____A ___________ is a compound in which the atoms are held together by
covalent bonds.
____Substance that are formed by ionic bonds are called _______ compounds.
____A _________ is a pure substance formed when two or more different
elements combine.
____Depending on the number of pairs of electrons that are ______, covalent
bonds can be single, double, or triple.
____An atom that has lost or gained one or more electrons becomes an
_________ and carries an electrical charge.
____Ions help maintain ___________ as they travel in and out of cells.
1
For a Grade:
Name________________ Period______ Date Feb. 3,2012
1. The periodic table of elements list all the element in rows called ___________________ .
2. The periodic table of elements list all the element in columns called ___________________ .
3. The elements that are listed in the far right column are called ___________________ .
4. The elements that are most willing to give up an electron are in the _______________ column.
5. The first energy level of any atom will hold ______________ electrons.
6. The second energy level of any atom will hold ______________ electrons.
7. When an atom gives up an electron it becomes a _______________ ion..
8. When an atom gains an electron it becomes a _______________ ion..
9. When atoms share electrons in order to become more stable, it’s called a _______________ bond.
10. The process of pulling electrons from atoms is called _______________.
11. An atom that has lost an electron is called a _______________.
12. An atom that has gained an electron is called a _______________.
13. An atom on the left side of the periodic table of elements is more likely to react with atoms on
the right side called _______________.
14 List two elements that are very good conductors 1 _______________ 2 _______________.
15. The elements that are listed in the far right column are least likely to react with other atom because
they are ______________ .
1
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Jan 30, 2012
Today’s Topic
Biochemistry
Today’s Starter Question:
Explain the van der Waals forces
Answer:
When molecules come close together, the attractive force between these
positive and negative regions pull on the molecules and hold them
together. These attractions between the molecules are called van der
Waals forces
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Identify the parts of a chemical reaction.
Chemical reactions allow living things to grow, develop, reproduce, and adapt.
When you lie down at night, your body continues to conduct chemical reactions.
Two: You will still be digesting the food you ate during the day, the scrape on your elbow
will continue to heal, and your muscles and bones will continue to grow.
Three: A chemical reaction is the process by which atoms or groups of atoms in
Substance are reorganized into different substances.
Chemical bonds are broken and / or formed during chemical reactions.
Clues that a chemical reaction has taken place include: the production of heat or light
And formation of a gas, liquid, or solid
A chemical reaction shows the reactants, the starting substance, on the left side of the
Arrow and the product, the substance form during the reaction, on the right side of the
Arrow.
REACTANTS --------------- PRODUCTS
Summary Notes: Next Page
Reactants
Products
Today’s Objectives: January 30, 2012 Continued
One:
Identify the parts of a chemical reaction.
C 6 H 12 O 2
CO 2
H2 O
Two:
C6 H
C =
Products
Reactants
Three:
6
H=
12
12
O
O=
+ 6O
6
6 CO
2
2
6 C O2 + 6 H
18
+ 6 H2 O
2
O
To Balance, use the coefficient to make the atoms equal on both sides of the
arrow.
Multiply the coefficient by the subscript
Summary Notes: Next Page
3
C6 H
12
O
6
+ 18 O
2
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Jan 31, 2012
Today’s Topic
Biochemistry
Today’s Starter Question:
Answer:
List three clues that indicates that a chemical reaction has taken
Place.
Clues that a chemical reaction has taken place include: the production
of heat or light and formation of a gas, liquid, or solid
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Relate energy changes to chemical reactions.
The minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a
Chemical reaction is called activation energy.
When the energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants, the
Chemical reaction is exothermic.
Two: When the energy of the product is higher than the energy of the reactants, the
Chemical reaction is endothermic.
Three: A catalyst is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a
chemical reaction.
Special protein called enzymes are the biological catalysts that speed up the rate of
Chemical reactions in biological processes.
The reactants that bind to the enzyme are called substrates.
The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the active site.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Reactants
Products
Energy
February 6, 2012
Word list for Chapter 6
Activation
Energy
Log
X + Y
Reactants
Energy
Released
XY
Pile of
shes
Products
Reaction Progress
This is an Exothermic Reaction
February 6, 2012
Energy
Word list for Chapter 6
Activation
Energy
X+Y
XY
Reactants
Products
Energy
Absorbed
Reaction Progress
This is an Endothermic Reaction
Energy
February 6, 2012
Word list for Chapter 6
Activation
Energy
X + Y
Reactants
Energy
Released
XY
Products
Reaction Progress
This is an Exothermic Reaction
With an enzyme catalyst
Feb 6, 2012
Do Now
How an enzyme works
Substrate (Sucrose)
Active
Site
Enzyme
Product
Glucose
Fructose
H2 O
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Feb 7, 2012
Today’s Topic
Biochemistry
Today’s Starter Question:
Answer:
Explain the difference between an exothermic chemical
reaction and an endothermic chemical reaction.
When the energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants, the
chemical reaction is exothermic.
When the energy of the product is higher than the energy of the
reactants, the chemical reaction is endothermic.
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Evaluate how the structure of water makes it a good solvent.
The properties of water make it well suited to help maintain
homeostasis in an organism.
Two:
Three: .
Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charge are called
polar molecules, meaning that they have oppositely charged
regions.
In water, the electrostatic attraction is called a hydrogen bond.
A hydrogen bond is a weak interaction involving a hydrogen
atom and a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom
Summary Notes: Next Page
Reactants
Products
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Feb 6, 2012
Today’s Topic
Biochemistry
Today’s Starter Question:
Explain the hydrogen bond.
Answer:
In water, the electrostatic attraction is called a hydrogen bond.
A hydrogen bond is a weak interaction involving a hydrogen
atom and a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Compare and contrast solutions and suspensions.
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which each substance
retains its individual characteristics and properties.
When a mixture has a uniform composition throughout, it is called a
Homogeneous mixture.
A solution is another name for a homogeneous mixture.
Two:
In a solution, there are two components, a solvent and a solute.
Three: . A solvent is a substance in which another substance is dissolved.
A solute is a substance that is dissolved in the solvent.
In a heterogeneous mixture, the components remain distinct, that is, you can
Tell what they are individually.
A solution is a homogeneous mixture; a suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.
Blood is a heterogeneous mixture called a colloid.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Reactants
Products
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Feb 7, 2012
Today’s Topic
Biochemistry
Today’s Starter Question:
Answer:
Explain the difference between a homogeneous mixture
and a heterogeneous mixture
When a mixture has a uniform composition throughout, it is called a
homogeneous mixture.
In a heterogeneous mixture, the components remain distinct, that is, you can
tell what they are individually.
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Describe the difference between acids and bases.
Substances that release hydrogen (H+) ions in water are acids.
Substances that release hydroxide (OH-) Ions in water are bases.
The more hydrogen ions a substance releases in water, the more acidic the
solution becomes.
Two: The more hydroxide ions a substance releases, the more basic the solution becomes
The pH scale is used to indicate strength of acids and bases. In other words, the
Three: . concentration of H+ ions in solution.
Pure water is neutral and has a pH of 7. Acidic solution have an abundance of H+
Ions and have a pH below 7. Basic solutions have more OH- than H+ and have a
pH above 7.
Buffers are mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a
Particular range. In cells, buffers keep the pH in cells within the 6.5 to 7.5 pH range
Summary Notes: Next Page
Reactants
Products
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Feb 8, 2012
Today’s Topic
Biochemistry
Today’s Starter Question:
Explain the difference between an acid and a base.
Answer:
Substances that release hydrogen (H+) ions in water are acids.
Substances that release hydroxide (OH-) Ions in water are bases.
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Describe the role of carbon in living organisms.
Organisms are made up of carbon-based molecules.
Two:
Scientists have devoted an entire branch of chemistry, called organic chemistry,
Three: to the study of organic compounds--- those compounds containing carbon.
Carbon compounds can be in the shape of straight chains, branched chains,
And rings, together carbon compounds lead to the diversity of life on Earth.
Macromolecules are large molecules that are formed by joining smaller organic
molecules together, these large molecules are also called polymers.
Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical
.
Compounds,
called monomers that are linked together by a series of covalent bonds.
Biological macromolecules are organized into four major categories: carbohydrates,
Lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Reactants
Products
Name__________________ Date_2- 9 - 12___ Period__________
Biochemistry Test
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
Q.
R.
S.
Colloid
Activation Energy
Heterogeneous Mixture
Exothermic
Distinct
Solute
Catalyst
Solution
Hydrogen Bond
Solvent
Substrate
Two
Homogeneous Mixture
Endothermic
Active Site
Enzymes
Polar Molecule
Mixture
Homogeneous
The minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a
chemical reaction is called _____________________.
When the energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants, the
chemical reaction is ________________.
When the energy of the product is higher than the energy of the reactants, the
chemical reaction is _________________.
A ______________ is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a
chemical reaction.
Special protein called ____________ are the biological catalysts that speed up the rate of
chemical reactions in biological processes.
The reactants that bind to the enzyme are called _______________.
The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the __________.
Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charge are called
_______________, meaning that they have oppositely charged
regions.
A_____________ is a combination of two or more substances in which each substance
retains its individual characteristics and properties.
In water, the electrostatic attraction is called a _______________.
A hydrogen bond is a weak interaction involving a hydrogen
atom and a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom
When a mixture has a uniform composition throughout, it is called a
_____________________.
A solution is another name for a ________________________ mixture.
In a solution, there are __________ components, a solvent and a solute.
A __________ is a substance in which another substance is dissolved.
A __________ is a substance that is dissolved in the solvent.
In a heterogeneous mixture, the components remain ________, that is, you can
tell what they are individually.
A _________ is a homogeneous mixture; a suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.
Blood is a heterogeneous mixture called a _________.
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Feb 7, 2012
Today’s Topic
Biochemistry
Today’s Starter Question:
Answer:
Explain the difference between an exothermic chemical
reaction and an endothermic chemical reaction.
When the energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants, the
chemical reaction is exothermic.
When the energy of the product is higher than the energy of the
reactants, the chemical reaction is endothermic.
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Evaluate how the structure of water makes it a good solvent.
The properties of water make it well suited to help maintain
homeostasis in an organism.
Two:
Three: .
Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charge are called
polar molecules, meaning that they have oppositely charged
regions.
In water, the electrostatic attraction is called a hydrogen bond.
A hydrogen bond is a weak interaction involving a hydrogen
atom and a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom
Summary Notes: Next Page
Reactants
Products
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Feb 8, 2012
Today’s Topic
Biochemistry
Today’s Starter Question:
Explain the hydrogen bond.
Answer:
In water, the electrostatic attraction is called a hydrogen bond.
A hydrogen bond is a weak interaction involving a hydrogen
atom and a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Compare and contrast solutions and suspensions.
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which each substance
retains its individual characteristics and properties.
When a mixture has a uniform composition throughout, it is called a
Homogeneous mixture.
A solution is another name for a homogeneous mixture.
Two:
In a solution, there are two components, a solvent and a solute.
Three: . A solvent is a substance in which another substance is dissolved.
A solute is a substance that is dissolved in the solvent.
In a heterogeneous mixture, the components remain distinct, that is, you can
Tell what they are individually.
A solution is a homogeneous mixture; a suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.
Blood is a heterogeneous mixture called a colloid.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Reactants
Products
How to balance a chemical equation:
Identify the parts of a chemical reaction.
To Balance, use the coefficient to make the atoms equal on both sides of the
arrow.
Multiply the coefficient by the subscript
Al +
O2
Al
2
O
3
Aluminum Plus Oxygen Gas yields Aluminum Oxide
To Balance:
2X
2X
O
2 Al
2 Al
O
+ 1.5 2
2
3
3
2
3
2
1
4
6
2
3
Looks balanced, but you can’t have a half of an
4
Atom.
6
So, multiply both sides by 2
Now, the equation is balanced
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Feb 14, 2012
Today’s Topic
Biochemistry
Today’s Starter Question:
Answer:
Explain the difference between a homogeneous mixture
and a heterogeneous mixture
When a mixture has a uniform composition throughout, it is called a
homogeneous mixture.
In a heterogeneous mixture, the components remain distinct, that is, you can
tell what they are individually.
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Describe the difference between acids and bases.
Substances that release hydrogen (H+) ions in water are acids.
Substances that release hydroxide (OH-) Ions in water are bases.
The more hydrogen ions a substance releases in water, the more acidic the
solution becomes.
Two: The more hydroxide ions a substance releases, the more basic the solution becomes
The pH scale is used to indicate strength of acids and bases. In other words, the
Three: . concentration of H+ ions in solution.
Pure water is neutral and has a pH of 7. Acidic solution have an abundance of H+
Ions and have a pH below 7. Basic solutions have more OH- than H+ and have a
pH above 7.
Buffers are mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a
Particular range. In cells, buffers keep the pH in cells within the 6.5 to 7.5 pH range
Summary Notes: Next Page
Reactants
Products
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Feb 17, 2012
Today’s Topic
Biochemistry
Today’s Starter Question:
Explain the difference between an acid and a base.
Answer:
Substances that release hydrogen (H+) ions in water are acids.
Substances that release hydroxide (OH-) Ions in water are bases.
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Describe the role of carbon in living organisms.
Organisms are made up of carbon-based molecules.
Two:
Scientists have devoted an entire branch of chemistry, called organic chemistry,
Three: to the study of organic compounds--- those compounds containing carbon.
Carbon compounds can be in the shape of straight chains, branched chains,
And rings, together carbon compounds lead to the diversity of life on Earth.
Macromolecules are large molecules that are formed by joining smaller organic
molecules together, these large molecules are also called polymers.
Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical
.
Compounds,
called monomers that are linked together by a series of covalent bonds.
Biological macromolecules are organized into four major categories: carbohydrates,
Lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Reactants
Products
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Feb 17, 2012
Today’s Topic
Biochemistry
Today’s Starter Question:
Which three elements are most abundant in the human body,
Answer: Also, list some other elements that are found in the human body
Oxygen at 65%, Carbon at 18.5%, Hydrogen at 9.5%,
Nitrogen at 3.3%, Calcium at 1.5%, Phosphorus 1%, and
Others at 1.5%.
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Learn how to balance a chemical equation.
In chemical equations, the number of atoms found in the reactants
Three: must equal the number of atoms in the product.
Two:
The coefficient is the number in front of the atom or molecule.
Example: H O
1 oxygen
2H2 O
2
2 oxygen
2 hydrogen
.
4 hydrogen
Summary Notes: Next Page
Reactants
Products
How to balance a chemical equation:
Identify the parts of a chemical reaction.
To Balance, use the coefficient to make the atoms equal on both sides of the
arrow.
Multiply the coefficient by the subscript
C6 H
12
O6 +
O2
CO
Glucose Plus Oxygen Gas yields
To Balance:
C
6
6
H12
O6
12
6
6
+ 6 O2
2
8
12
2
+
Carbon Dioxide Plus Water
6 C
O2
1
2
6
12
18
H2 O
+
6H2
12
18
18
O
2
1
12
6
How to balance a chemical equation:
Identify the parts of a chemical reaction.
To Balance, use the coefficient to make the atoms equal on both sides of the
arrow.
Multiply the coefficient by the subscript
Al +
O2
Al
2
O
3
Aluminum Plus Oxygen Gas yields Aluminum Oxide
To Balance:
2X
2X
O
2 Al
2 Al
O
+ 1.5 2
2
3
3
2
3
2
1
4
6
2
3
Looks balanced, but you can’t have a half of an
4
Atom.
6
So, multiply both sides by 2
Now, the equation is balanced
How to balance a chemical equation:
Identify the parts of a chemical reaction.
To Balance, use the coefficient to make the atoms equal on both sides of the
arrow.
Multiply the coefficient by the subscript
C O2 + H
C O2
1
2
+
C H
2
4H2
2
C
1
8
Now, the equation is balanced.
4
+ H
H4
2
O
2H
O
+ 2
2
1
4
4
8
2
Name ______________ Period______________ Date Feb 17, 2012
Balance the following chemical equation to check for understanding.
REMEMBER to Identify the parts of a chemical reaction.
To Balance, use the coefficient to make the atoms equal on both sides of the
arrow.
Multiply the coefficient by the subscript
C O2 + H
2
C H
4
+ H
2
O
Name__________________ Date_2- 21 - 12___ Period__________
Biochemistry Test
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
Q.
R.
S.
Colloid
Activation Energy
Heterogeneous Mixture
Exothermic
Distinct
Solute
Catalyst
Solution
Hydrogen Bond
Solvent
Substrate
Two
Homogeneous Mixture
Endothermic
Active Site
Enzymes
Polar Molecule
Mixture
Homogeneous
B
The minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a
chemical reaction is called _____________________.
D
When the energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants, the
chemical reaction is ________________.
N
When the energy of the product is higher than the energy of the reactants, the
chemical reaction is _________________.
G
A ______________ is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a
chemical reaction.
P
Special protein called ____________ are the biological catalysts that speed up the rate of
chemical reactions in biological processes.
K
The reactants that bind to the enzyme are called _______________.
O
The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the __________.
O
Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charge are called
_______________, meaning that they have oppositely charged
regions.
C
A_____________ is a combination of two or more substances in which each substance
retains its individual characteristics and properties.
I
In water, the electrostatic attraction is called a _______________.
This bond is a weak interaction involving a hydrogen
atom and a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom
M
When a mixture has a uniform composition throughout, it is called a
_____________________.
S
A solution is another name for a ________________________ mixture.
L
In a solution, there are __________ components, a solvent and a solute.
J
A __________ is a substance in which another substance is dissolved.
F
A __________ is a substance that is dissolved in the solvent.
E
In a heterogeneous mixture, the components remain ________, that is, you can
tell what they are individually.
H
A _________ is a homogeneous mixture; a suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.
A
Blood is a heterogeneous mixture called a _________.
1
Name__________________ Date_2- 21 - 12___ Period__________
Biochemistry Test
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
Q.
R.
S.
Colloid
Activation Energy
Heterogeneous Mixture
Exothermic
Distinct
Solute
Catalyst
Solution
Hydrogen Bond
Solvent
Substrate
Two
Homogeneous Mixture
Endothermic
Active Site
Enzymes
Polar Molecule
Mixture
Homogeneous
The minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a
chemical reaction is called _____________________.
When the energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants, the
chemical reaction is ________________.
When the energy of the product is higher than the energy of the reactants, the
chemical reaction is _________________.
A ______________ is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a
chemical reaction.
Special protein called ____________ are the biological catalysts that speed up the rate of
chemical reactions in biological processes.
The reactants that bind to the enzyme are called _______________.
The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the __________.
Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charge are called
_______________, meaning that they have oppositely charged
regions.
A_____________ is a combination of two or more substances in which each substance
retains its individual characteristics and properties.
In water, the electrostatic attraction is called a _______________.
This bond is a weak interaction involving a hydrogen
atom and a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom
When a mixture has a uniform composition throughout, it is called a
_____________________.
A solution is another name for a ________________________ mixture.
In a solution, there are __________ components, a solvent and a solute.
A __________ is a substance in which another substance is dissolved.
A __________ is a substance that is dissolved in the solvent.
In a heterogeneous mixture, the components remain ________, that is, you can
tell what they are individually.
A _________ is a homogeneous mixture; a suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.
Blood is a heterogeneous mixture called a _________.
1
Name__________________ Date_2- 21 - 12___ Period__________
Biochemistry Test
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
Q.
R.
S.
Colloid
Activation Energy
Heterogeneous Mixture
Exothermic
Distinct
Solute
Catalyst
Solution
Hydrogen Bond
Solvent
Substrate
Two
Homogeneous Mixture
Endothermic
Active Site
Enzymes
Polar Molecule
Mixture
Homogeneous
B
A
The minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a
chemical reaction is called _____________________.
Blood is a heterogeneous mixture called a _________.
D
When the energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants, the
chemical reaction is ________________.
N
When the energy of the product is higher than the energy of the reactants, the
chemical reaction is _________________.
G
A ______________ is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a
chemical reaction.
P
Special protein called ____________ are the biological catalysts that speed up the rate of
chemical reactions in biological processes.
K
The reactants that bind to the enzyme are called _______________.
O
The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the __________.
O
Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charge are called
_______________, meaning that they have oppositely charged
regions.
C
A_____________ is a combination of two or more substances in which each substance
retains its individual characteristics and properties.
I
In water, the electrostatic attraction is called a _______________.
This bond is a weak interaction involving a hydrogen
atom and a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom
M
When a mixture has a uniform composition throughout, it is called a
_____________________.
S
A solution is another name for a ________________________ mixture.
L
In a solution, there are __________ components, a solvent and a solute.
J
A __________ is a substance in which another substance is dissolved.
F
A __________ is a substance that is dissolved in the solvent.
E
In a heterogeneous mixture, the components remain ________, that is, you can
tell what they are individually.
H
A _________ is a homogeneous mixture; a suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.
2
Name__________________ Date_2- 21 - 12___ Period__________
Biochemistry Test
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
Q.
R.
S.
Colloid
Activation Energy
Heterogeneous Mixture
Exothermic
Distinct
Solute
Catalyst
Solution
Hydrogen Bond
Solvent
Substrate
Two
Homogeneous Mixture
Endothermic
Active Site
Enzymes
Polar Molecule
Mixture
Homogeneous
The minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a
chemical reaction is called _____________________.
Blood is a heterogeneous mixture called a _________.
When the energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants, the
chemical reaction is ________________.
When the energy of the product is higher than the energy of the reactants, the
chemical reaction is _________________.
A ______________ is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a
chemical reaction.
Special protein called ____________ are the biological catalysts that speed up the rate of
chemical reactions in biological processes.
The reactants that bind to the enzyme are called _______________.
The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the __________.
Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charge are called
_______________, meaning that they have oppositely charged
regions.
A_____________ is a combination of two or more substances in which each substance
retains its individual characteristics and properties.
In water, the electrostatic attraction is called a _______________.
This bond is a weak interaction involving a hydrogen
atom and a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom
When a mixture has a uniform composition throughout, it is called a
_____________________.
A solution is another name for a ________________________ mixture.
In a solution, there are __________ components, a solvent and a solute.
A __________ is a substance in which another substance is dissolved.
A __________ is a substance that is dissolved in the solvent.
In a heterogeneous mixture, the components remain ________, that is, you can
tell what they are individually.
A _________ is a homogeneous mixture; a suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.
2
Name__________________ Date_2- 9 - 12___ Period__________
Biochemistry Test
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
Q.
R.
S.
Colloid
Activation Energy
Heterogeneous Mixture
Exothermic
Distinct
Solute
Catalyst
Solution
Hydrogen Bond
Solvent
Substrate
Two
Homogeneous Mixture
Endothermic
Active Site
Enzymes
Polar Molecule
Mixture
Homogeneous
The minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a
chemical reaction is called _____________________.
When the energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants, the
chemical reaction is ________________.
When the energy of the product is higher than the energy of the reactants, the
chemical reaction is _________________.
A ______________ is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a
chemical reaction.
Special protein called ____________ are the biological catalysts that speed up the rate of
chemical reactions in biological processes.
The reactants that bind to the enzyme are called _______________.
The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the __________.
Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charge are called
_______________, meaning that they have oppositely charged
regions.
A_____________ is a combination of two or more substances in which each substance
retains its individual characteristics and properties.
In water, the electrostatic attraction is called a _______________.
This bond is a weak interaction involving a hydrogen
atom and a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom
When a mixture has a uniform composition throughout, it is called a
_____________________.
A solution is another name for a ________________________ mixture.
In a solution, there are __________ components, a solvent and a solute.
A __________ is a substance in which another substance is dissolved.
A __________ is a substance that is dissolved in the solvent.
In a heterogeneous mixture, the components remain ________, that is, you can
tell what they are individually.
A _________ is a homogeneous mixture; a suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.
Blood is a heterogeneous mixture called a _________.
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Feb 22, 2012
Today’s Topic
Biochemistry
Today’s Starter Question:
Which three elements are most abundant in the human body,
Answer: Also, list some other elements that are found in the human body
Oxygen at 65%, Carbon at 18.5%, Hydrogen at 9.5%,
Nitrogen at 3.3%, Calcium at 1.5%, Phosphorus 1%, and
Others at 1.5%.
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Learn how to balance a chemical equation.
In chemical equations, the number of atoms found in the reactants
Three:must equal the number of atoms in the product.
Two:
The coefficient is the number in front of the atom or molecule.
Example: H O
1 oxygen
2H2 O
2
2 oxygen
2 hydrogen
.
4 hydrogen
Summary Notes: Next Page
Reactants
Products
How to balance a chemical equation:
Identify the parts of a chemical reaction.
To Balance, use the coefficient to make the atoms equal on both sides of the
arrow.
Multiply the coefficient by the subscript
C6 H
12
O6 +
O2
CO
Glucose Plus Oxygen Gas yields
To Balance:
C
6
6
H12
O6
12
6
6
+ 6 O2
2
8
12
2
+
Carbon Dioxide Plus Water
6 C
O2
1
2
6
12
18
H2 O
+
6H2
12
18
18
O
2
1
12
6
How to balance a chemical equation:
Identify the parts of a chemical reaction.
To Balance, use the coefficient to make the atoms equal on both sides of the
arrow.
Multiply the coefficient by the subscript
Al +
O2
Al
2
O
3
Aluminum Plus Oxygen Gas yields Aluminum Oxide
To Balance:
2X
2X
O
2 Al
2 Al
O
+ 1.5 2
2
3
3
2
3
2
1
4
6
2
3
Looks balanced, but you can’t have a half of an
4
Atom.
6
So, multiply both sides by 2
Now, the equation is balanced
How to balance a chemical equation:
Identify the parts of a chemical reaction.
To Balance, use the coefficient to make the atoms equal on both sides of the
arrow.
Multiply the coefficient by the subscript
C O2 + H
C O2
1
2
+
C H
2
4H2
2
C
1
8
Now, the equation is balanced.
4
+ H
H4
2
O
2H
O
+ 2
2
1
4
4
8
2
Name ______________ Period______________ Date Feb 22, 2012
Balance the following chemical equation to check for understanding.
REMEMBER to Identify the parts of a chemical reaction.
To Balance, use the coefficient to make the atoms equal on both sides of the
arrow.
Multiply the coefficient by the subscript
C O2 + H
2
C H
4
+ H
2
O
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Today’s Topic
Feb 23, 2012
Biochemistry
Today’s Starter Question:
Answer:
Balance the following chemical equation:
CO 2 + H 2
CH4 + H2 O
Today’s Objectives:
One:
C O2
Two:
1
Three:
2
+
4H2
2
C
1
H4
2H
O
+ 2
2
1
4
4
8
2
8
.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Reactants
Products
Subject: Principles of Sci Date:
Feb 23, 2012
Biochemistry
Today’s Topic
Today’s Starter Question:
Balance the following chemical equation:
CO 2 + H 2
CH 4 + H 2 O
Answer:
Biological macromolecules are organized into four major
categories: carbohydrates, Lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Today’s Objectives:
Summarize the four major families of biological macromolecules.
One:
Two:
Three:
Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen
And two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom are called carbohydrates.
A general formula for carbohydrates is written. (CH O )
2
n
This is a monosaccharide ( a simple sugar) with the subscript n ranging from
three to seven. Two monosaccharides linked together forms a disaccharide.
Glucose is a monosaccharide; Sucrose and lactose are both disaccharides.
Glycogen is a polysaccharide that is an energy storage form of glucose that is
found in the liver and skeleton muscles.
A. carbohydrate called cellulose provides structural support in plants.
Chitin is a nitrogen – containing polysaccharide that is the main component in the
Hard outer shell of shrimp, lobsters, and some insects, as well as the wall of some
fungi.
Summary Notes: Next Page
Reactants
Products
Feb 23, 2012
An Overview
Group
Functions
Carbohydrates
Store Energy
and
Provide Structural Support
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Store Energy
Provide Barriers
Transport Substances
Speed Reactions
Provide Structural Support
Make Hormones
Store and Communicate
Genetic Information
Feb 22, 2012
An Overview
Chemical
Symbol
Atomic
Number
Atomic
Mass
Bonds
Formed
Carbon C
Hydrogen H
Nitrogen N
6
1
7
12
1
14
4
1
3
Oxygen O
8
16
2
Phosphorus P
15
31
5
Sulfur S
16
32
2
Feb 23, 2012
An Overview
Subunits
Functions
Polysaccharides
Energy Storage
and
Structural Components
Monosaccharides
Lipids
Long term energy storage
Glycerol
“
Fatty Acids
“
Amino Acids
Structure and Enzymes
Nucleic Acids
Store information in cells
Nucleotides
“
Glucose (monosaccharide
C H 2 OH
H
C
C
H
H
OH
C
H
O
C
OH
OH
C
H
OH
Amino Acid
R
Variable Side Chain
Carboxyl Group
H2N
C
C
H
O
OH
Amino Group
Hydrogen Atom
NH 2
N
Nucleotide O
ODD NUMBERS
C
O
OH
C
O
P
OH
CH 2
C
O
H
N
C
H
EVEN NUMBERS
C
C
OH
OH
Sugar
C
H
H
Phosphate Group
C
H
H
Nitrogen containing
Base
March 6, 2012
The Structure of Nucleic Acid
A nucleic acid is a complex macromolecule
that stores cellular information in the form
of a code. Nucleic acids are polymers
Made of smaller subunits called nucleotides.
Nucleotides consist of carbon, hydrogen,
Oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus atoms
Arranged in three groups – a base, a simple
Sugar, and a phosphate group.
March 6, 2012
The Structure of Nucleic Acid
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a master copy
of an organism’s information code. The
information coded in DNA contains the
instructions used to form all of an organism’s
enzymes and structural proteins.
DNA forms the genetic code that determines
How an organism looks and acts. DNA
Instructions are passed on every time a cell
Divides and from one generation to the next.
March 6, 2012
The Structure of Nucleic Acid
RNA (Ribonucleic acid) is a nucleic acid that
Forms a copy of DNA for use in making protein.
The chemical difference between RNA and DNA
Are minor but important. DNA and RNA work
Together to produce proteins
Subject:
Prin of Sci
Date:
Feb 29, 2012
Today’s Topic
Biochemistry
Today’s Starter Question:
Explain carbohydrates.
Answer:
Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio
of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom are
called carbohydrates.
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Compare the functions of each group of biological macromolecules.
Lipids are molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen that make up acids,
Glycerol, and other components.
A lipid called a triglyceride is a fat if it is solid at room temperature and an oil if
Three:
It is liquid at room temperature. Triglycerides are stored in the fat cells of your body .
Lipids that have tail chains with only single bonds between the carbon atoms are
called saturated fats because no more hydrogen can bond to the tail.
Lipids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the tail chain can
accommodate at least one more hydrogen and are called unsaturated fats.
Special lipids called phospholipids are responsible for the structure and function of
.
the cell membrane. Lipids are hydrophobic, which means they do not dissolve in water.
Steroids include substances such as cholesterol and hormones. Cholesterol provides
the starting point for other necessary lipids such as vitamin D and the hormones
estrogen and testosterone
Two:
Summary Notes: Next Page
Reactants
Products
Subject:
Prin of Sci
Date:
Mar 1, 2012
Today’s Topic
Biochemistry
Today’s Starter Question:
Answer:
Explain the difference between a saturated fat and an
unsaturated fat.
Lipids that have tail chains with only single bonds between the carbon atoms
are called saturated fats because no more hydrogen can bond to the tail.
Lipids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the tail
chain can accommodate at least one more hydrogen and are called
unsaturated fats.
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Compare the functions of each group of biological macromolecules.
A protein is a compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids.
Amino acids are small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,
hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur. All amino acids share the same general structure.
Three:
Amino acid structure: Carbon can form four covalent bonds, one of those bonds is
Hydrogen, the other three are with an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH),
And a variable group (-R). The variable group makes each amino acid different.
There are 20 different amino acids, several covalent bonds called peptide bonds
join amino acids together to form proteins. A peptide forms between the amino
group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another.
.
Proteins
have up to four levels of structure: Number of amino acids in the chain, the
Order in which the amino acids are joined defines the protein’s primary structure.
Then, it folds into a unique three-dimensional shape which is the secondary structure.
The tertiary structure is globular, and the fourth level is combining with other amino
acids.
Two:
Summary Notes: Next Page
Reactants
Products
Amino Acid
1 Variable side chain
This is what makes the
Amino acid different
H
Amino Group
1 Nitrogen
2 Hydrogen
R Variable side chain
N
C
C
O
H
H
O
H
1 Hydrogen Bond
Carboxyl Group
1 Carbon
2 Oxygen, 1 with double bond with
the carbon.
1 Hydrogen
How Amino Acids Make Protein
Peptide
Amino Group of
1 amino acid
H
Carboxyl Group of
another amino acid
R1
H
N
C
C
H
H
O
N
R2
H
C
C
H
O
A peptide forms between the amino group of one amino acid
And the carboxyl group of another.
The variable groups and the arrangement of the amino acids
determine the type of PROTEIN MADE
O
Subject:
Prin of Sci
Date:
Mar 5 2012
Today’s Topic
Biochemistry
Today’s Starter Question:
Explain the structure of an amino acid.
Answer:
Amino acid structure: Carbon can form four covalent bonds,
one of those bonds is Hydrogen, the other three are with an amino
group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), And a variable group
(-R). The variable group makes each amino acid different.
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Compare the functions of each group of biological macromolecules.
Nucleic acids are complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information.
Nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating subunits called nucleotides. Nucleotides
are composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen atoms.
Three:
There are six major nucleotides, all of which have three units, a phosphate,
a nitrogenous base, and a ribose sugar.
There are two types of nucleic acids found in living organisms: deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
DNA and RNA, the sugar of one nucleotide bonds with the phosphate of another nucleotide.
The nitrogenous
base that sticks out from the chain is available for hydrogen bonding with
.
other bases in other nucleic acids.
A nucleotide with three phosphate groups is adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is a store
house for chemical energy that can be used by cells in a variety of reactions. It releases
energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate group is broken.
Two:
Summary Notes: Next Page
Reactants
Products
Mar 5, 2012
The Structure of an Amino Acid
Variable Side Chain
R
Carboxyl Group
H2N
C
C
H
O
OH
Amino Group
Hydrogen Atom
Hydrogen is Yellow
Green is Carbon
Red is Oxygen
Nitrogen is Blue
Test 4-7-10
Name____________________ Date________ Period__________
Scientists have devoted an entire branch of chemistry, called ______________,
to the study of organic compounds--- those compounds containing carbon.
Carbon compounds can be in the shape of straight chains, branched chains,
and rings, together carbon compounds lead to the ___________ of life on Earth.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
Hydroxide Ions
Carbon Based
Diversity
Macromolecules
Polymers
Four
Acids
Bases
Hydrogen Ions
pH Scale
Seven
Above Seven
Below Seven
Organic Chemistry
Buffers
_____________ are large molecules that are formed by joining smaller organic
molecules together, these large molecules are also called polymers.
__________ are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical
compounds,
called monomers that are linked together by a series of covalent bonds.
.
Biological macromolecules are organized into ____ major categories: carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Substances that release hydrogen (H+) ions in water are _________.
Substances that release hydroxide (OH-) Ions in water are __________.
The more ___________ a substance releases in water, the more acidic the
solution becomes.
The more _____________ a substance releases, the more basic the solution becomes
The ___________ is used to indicate strength of acids and bases. In other words, the
concentration
of H+ ions in solution.
.
Pure water is neutral and has a pH of ____. Acidic solution have an abundance of H+
ions and have a pH _______ 7. Basic solutions have more OH- than H+ and have a
pH ______ 7.
__________ are mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a
particular range. In cells, buffers keep the pH in cells within the 6.5 to 7.5 pH range
Organisms are made up of ______________ molecules.
Test 4-7-10
Name____________________ Date________ Period__________
____________ is a polysaccharide that is an energy storage form of glucose that is
found in the liver and skeleton muscles.
P. Chitin
Q. Glycogen
R. Steroids
S. Phospholipids
T. Unsaturated
U. Carbohydrates
V. Triglyceride
W. Saturated
X. Lipids
Y. Cellulose
A
. carbohydrate called ___________ provides structural support in plants.
________ is a nitrogen – containing polysaccharide that is the main component in the
Hard outer shell of shrimp, lobsters, and some insects, as well as the wall of some
fungi.
__________ are molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen that make up acids,
Glycerol, and other components.
A lipid called a ____________ is a fat if it is solid at room temperature and an oil if
it is liquid at room temperature. Triglycerides are stored in the fat cells of your body .
Lipids that have tail chains with only single bonds between the carbon atoms are
called __________ fats because no more hydrogen can bond to the tail.
Lipids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the tail chain can
accommodate at least one more hydrogen and are called _____________ fats.
Special lipids called ______________ are responsible for the structure and function of
.the cell membrane. Lipids are hydrophobic, which means they do not dissolve in water.
__________ include substances such as cholesterol and hormones. Cholesterol provides
the starting point for other necessary lipids such as vitamin D and the hormones
estrogen and testosterone
Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen
And two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom are called ______________.
Test 4-7-10
AA. Protein
BB. Nucleic Acids
CC. Covalent
DD. Twenty
EE. Amino Acids
FF. Secondary
GG. Phosphate
HH. Nucleotides
II. Six
JJ. Four
KK. Two
LL. Nitrogenous
MM. DNA RNA
Name____________________ Date________ Period__________
________ are small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,
hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur. All amino acids share the same general structure.
____________ structure: Carbon can form four covalent bonds, one of those bonds is
hydrogen, the other three are with an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH),
and a variable group (-R). The variable group makes each amino acid different.
There are ________ different amino acids, several covalent bonds called peptide bonds
join amino acids together to form proteins. A peptide forms between the amino
group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another.
.Proteins have up to _________ levels of structure: Number of amino acids in the chain, the
order in which the amino acids are joined defines the protein’s primary structure.
Then, it folds into a unique three-dimensional shape which is the ____________ structure.
the tertiary structure is globular, and the fourth is level is combining with other amino
acids.
___________ are complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information.
Nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating subunits called _______. Nucleotides
are composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen atoms.
There are __________major nucleotides, all of which have three units, a phosphate,
a nitrogenous base, and a ribose sugar.
There are _______ types of nucleic acids found in living organisms: deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
_______ and _____ the sugar of one nucleotide bonds with the phosphate of another nucleotid
The __________ base that sticks out from the chain is available for hydrogen bonding with
.
other bases in other nucleic acids.
A nucleotide with three __________ groups is adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is a store
house for chemical energy that can be used by cells in a variety of reactions. It releases
energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate group is broken.
A ________ is a compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids.
Subject:
Prin of Sci
Date:
Mar 6, 2012
Today’s Topic Cell Discovery and Theory
Today’s Starter Question:
Write three things you already know about cells.
Answer:
Living things are composed of cells.
Cells arise only from previously existing cells.
Cells are the basic unit of structure of all living things.
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Relate advances in microscope technology to discoveries about cells.
The invention of the microscope led to the discovery of cells.
In 1665 an English scientist named Robert Hooke made a simple microscope and
Looked at a piece of cork, the dead cells of oak bark.
Two:
Three:
A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
The cell theory is one of the fundamental ideas of modern biology and includes the
Following three principles: 1) All living organisms are composed of one or more cells;
2) Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms;
3) Cells arise only from previously existing cells, with passing copies of their genetic
.
Material
on to their daughter cells.
Developments in microscope technology have given scientists the ability to study cells
In greater details than early scientists ever thought possible.
Summary Notes: Next Page
March 12, 2012
Student Input:
Microscope Technology
Microscopes in Focus
1830-1855 Scientists discovers the cell nucleus
(1833) and proposed that both plants and animals
are composed of cells (1839)
1665 Robert Hooke observes cork and names
the tiny chambers that he sees cells. He publishes
drawings of cells, fleas, and other minute bodies
in his book Micrographia.
1500
1600
1700
1590 Dutch lens grinder Han and Zacharias
Jennsen invent the first compound microscope
by placing two lenses in a tube
1970 Lynn Margulis, a microbiologist, proposes
the idea that some organelles found in eukaryotes
were once free-living prokaryotes.
1880-1890 Louis Pasteur and Robert
Koch, using compound microscopes,
pioneered the study of bacteria
1800
1900
2000
1939 Earnest Everett Just writes the
textbook Biology of the Cell, surface after
years of studying the structure and function
of the cell.
1683 Dutch biologist Anton van Leeuwenhoek
discovers single-celled, animals-like organisms
now called prozoans.
1981 The scanning tunneling microscope (STM)
Allows scientists to see the individual atoms.
March 12, 2012
Student Input:
Microscope Technology
Microscopes in Focus
1665 Robert Hooke observes cork and names
the tiny chambers the he sees cells. He publishes
drawings of cells, fleas, and other minute bodies
in his book Micrographia.
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
1590 Dutch lens grinder Han and Zacharias
Jennsen invent the first compound microscope
by placing two lenses in a tube
March 12, 2012
Student Input:
Microscope Technology
Microscopes in Focus
1830-1855 Scientists discovers the cell nucleus
(1833) and proposed that both plants and animals
are composed of cells (1839)
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
1683 Dutch biologist Anton van Leeuwenhoek
discovers single-celled, animals-like organisms
now called protozoans.
March 12, 2012
Student Input:
Microscope Technology
Microscopes in Focus
1880-1890 Louis Pasteur and Robert
Koch, using compound microscopes,
pioneered the study of bacteria
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
1939 Earnest Everett Just writes the
textbook Biology of the Cell, surface after
years of studying the structure and function
of the cell.
March 12, 2012
Student Input:
Microscope Technology
Microscopes in Focus
1970 Lynn Margulis, a microbiologist, proposes
the idea that some organelles found in eukaryotes
were once free-living prokaryotes.
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
1981 The scanning tunneling microscope (STM)
Allows scientists to see the individual atoms.
Subject: Principles of Sci Date: March 13, 2012 Today’s Topic Cell Discovery and Theory
Today’s Starter Question:
Explain the cell Theory.
The cell theory is one of the fundamental ideas of modern biology and
Answer: includes the following three principles: 1) All living organisms are
composed of one or more cells; 2) Cells are the basic unit of structure
and organization of all living organisms; 3) Cells arise only from
previously existing cells, with passing copies of their genetic
material on to their daughter cells.
Today’s Objectives:
One:
Compare compound light microscope (CLM) with electron microscopes.
The compound light microscope consists of a series of a glass lenses and uses
Two: visible light to produce a magnified image. Each lens in the series magnifies the
image of the previous lens approximately 10X.
Three: The electron microscope uses magnets to aim a beam of transmission electrons
at thin slices of cells. This type of electron microscope is called a transmission
electron microscope (TEM) because electrons are passed, or transmitted through
a specimen to a fluorescent screen. It magnifies up to 500.000X.
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is one modification that directs electrons
Over the surface of the specimen producing a three-dimensional image. For the
.
TEM and the SEM the tissue must be dead. This is a disadvantage.
The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) involves bringing the charged tip of a probe
extremely close to the specimen so that the electrons tunnel through the small gaps
between the specimen and the tip.
Summary Notes: Next Page