Transcript dna+aki - Ninjaquest

What does DNA mean to humanity? How would humanity be
different without DNA
By Akiala I
What is DNA?

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the inherited matter in humans and almost all other organisms.
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Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA.

Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA)
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An important property of DNA is that it can make copies of itself.

Each strand of DNA in the double helix (coil, spring) can serve as a pattern for duplicating the
sequence of bases. T

his is critical when cells divide because each new cell needs to have an exact copy of the DNA present
in the old cell.
What is DNA?
 The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases:
adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).
 Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of
those bases are the same in all people. The order of these bases determines the
information available for building and maintaining an organism.
 DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C with G, to form base pairs.
More about Base pairs
 Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule.
Together, a base, sugar, and phosphate are called a nucleotide.
 Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double
helix.
 The structure of the double helix is somewhat like a ladder, with the base pairs
forming the ladder’s rungs and the sugar and phosphate molecules forming the
vertical sidepieces of the ladder.
DNA structure
This is a model of a
DNA strand and a
double helix including
an example of base
pairs and sugar
molecules.
DNA Structure
This is a model of a DNA
strand and a double helix
including an example of base
pairs and sugar molecules.
Adenine
Adenine is one of the most important organic molecules for life as we know it today.
is an essential part of DNA, RNA, and ATP. DNA, as you might know, is the genetic code
used for cellular life on earth. It is through the precise inheritance of on organism's DNA
from its parent that the traits of an organism are passed on. Here is the partial structure of
DNA with an Adenine group attached.
Adenine is a purine. Purines are six-membered rings attached to five membered rings.
When Adenine is attached to DNA, it forms a bond with another molecule called Thymine,
a pyrimidine, on the other side of the DNA strand. It is these bonds which give DNA its
double-helix structure. The sequence of DNA, or the order in which nucleotides are placed,
allows for the diversity among all living organisms. The importance of Adenine to RNA is
similar to that of DNA.
…
Besides DNA and RNA, Adenine is also an important part of adenosine
triphosphate, or ATP. Adenosine triphosphate is the nitrogenous base adenine
bonded to a five carbon sugar. This molecule is important because it has the ability
to phosphorylize, or add a phosphate group to, other molecules. This transfer of a
phosphate group allows energy to be released. It is this energy which is used by cells
in living organisms. This is why the molecules ATP, and its nitrogenous base
Adenine, are so important.
Adenine
This is the chemical
structure of Adenine.
Thymine
thymine , organic base of the pyrmadine family. Thymine was the first
pyrimidine to be purified from a natural source, having been isolated
from calf thymus and beef spleen in 1893-4. Combined with the sugar
deoxyribose in a glycosidic linkage, thymine forms a derivative called
thymidine (a nucleoside), which in turn can be phosphorylated with
from one to three phosphoric acid groups, yielding respectively the
three nucleotides TMP (thymidine monophosphate), TDP (thymidine
diphosphate), and TTP (thymidine triphosphate).
…
A pyrimidine that is one of the five organic bases found in the nucleic acids
of cells. In DNA it pairs with adenine. Uracil replaces thymine in RNA.
Thymine is part of thymidine, a corresponding nucleoside, in which it is
chemically linked with the sugar deoxiribose. It is also part of thymidylic
acid, a nucleotide, which is a phosphate ester of thymidine.
Melting point 321°–325°C
…
Thymine is one of the five nitrogenous
bases (cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine and uracil) that helps make up the
code in DNA and RNA. These nitrogenous bases pair with one another to make
the "step" of the DNA double-helix molecule.
Uracil, a colorless, crystalline organic compound of the pyrimidine family that
occurs as a component of ribonucleic acid (RNA), a molecule involved in the
transmission of hereditary characteristics.
Thymine
.
Uracil & Thymine
Guanine
With the formula C5H5N5O, guanine is a derivative of purine,
consisting of a fused pyrimidine-imidazole ring system with
conjugated double bonds. Being unsaturated, the bicyclic
molecule is planar. The guanine nucleoside is called
guanosine.
Guanine, along with adenine and cytosine, is present in both
DNA and RNA, whereas thymine is usually seen only in DNA,
and uracil only in RNA. Guanine has two tautomeric forms, the
keto form and enol form. It binds to cytosine through three
hydrogen bonds.
…
In cytosine, the amino group acts as the hydrogen donor and
the C-2 carbonyl and the N-3 amine as the hydrogen-bond
acceptors. Guanine has a group at C-6 that acts as the
hydrogen acceptor, while the group at N-1 and the amino group
at C-2 acts as the hydrogen donors.
…
In cosmetic industry, crystalline guanine is used as an additive to various products
(e.g., shampoos), where it provides the pearly iridescent effect. It is also used in
metallic paints and simulated pearls and plastics. It provides shimmering luster to
eye shadow and nail polish. Guanine crystals are rhombic platelets composed of
multiple, transparent layers, but they have a high index of refraction that partially
reflects and transmits light from layer to layer, thus producing a pearly luster. It can
be applied by spray, painting, or dipping. It may irritate eyes. Its alternatives are
mica, synthetic pearl, and aluminium and bronze particles.
Guanine
This is the
compound structure
of Guanine
Cytosine
is one of the 5 main nitrogenous bases used in storing and transporting genetic
information within a cell. It is a pyrimidine derivative. The nucleoside of cytosine is
cytidine.The other names for cytosine are 2-oxy-4-aminopyrimidine and 4-amino2(1H)-pyrimidinone. It has a chemical formula of C4H5N3O and a molecular weight of
111.10 atomic mass units.
contained in the nucleic acids of all tissue: it links with guanine in the DNA structure
Cytosine
This is the
compound structure
of cytosine
Without DNA we’d pretty much be
robots!
Nothing would stand out or be
different
Humanity wouldn’t evolve because nothing would be
different everyone would be clones and just be like a
broken record repeating for centuries also
reproduction wouldn’t happen.
The End