Transcript Document

Maladaptive Behaviors Among Athletes: Part 2
Chapter 20:
Doping in Sports
Alcohol Abuse Among Athletes
Psychology of Sport
Nov 13-16, 2009
Classes #33-34
Doping
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The use of an expedient (substance)
which is potentially harmful but can
enhance an athletes performance

International Olympic Committee (2005)
Why do they do it?
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Faustian Philosophy
 Win
at all costs
 14%
said they would take a pill
that would make them a worldclass athlete but would also kill
them in 10 years
 3% would still take the pill if it
would kill them in 5 years
Psychological
Stressors Unique to Athletes
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Time Management
 How to fit athletics with academics
and social activities.
Performance Issues
 The athlete’s opinion of their
abilities/performance, as well as
teammates and coaches opinions.
Self Esteem
 Can be driven to a large part by how
they perform as an athlete.
Today’s Student-Athlete
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Who are they?
What do they
believe?
What substances
are they using?
How can we help
them?
Today’s Student-Athlete:
Who Are They?
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They don’t know
Len Bias.
They weren’t
around when he
died in 1986 of a
cocaine overdose.
Today’s Student-Athlete:
Who Are They?
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They weren’t born
when the NCAA
membership passed
drug testing
legislation in 1986
They weren’t born
when Brian Bosworth
wore his “NCAA” tshirt (National
Communists Against
Athletes) on national
TV after failing a prebowl drug test that
same year.
Today’s Student-Athlete:
Who Are They?
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This year’s
freshman class
wasn’t even born
in 1988 – the year
Ben Johnson
tested positive for
steroids at the
Olympics in Seoul
Today’s Student-Athlete:
Who Are They?
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They more likely
know the name of
an athlete who
died after using
ephedra.
Ephedra
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The National Football League
banned players from using ephedra
as a dietary supplement in 2001
after the death of Minnesota Vikings
offensive tackle Korey Stringer
The substance is also banned by the
National Basketball Association
Today’s Student-Athlete:
Who Are They?
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They are more
likely to have used
someone else’s
Ritalin or Adderall
or know someone
who has.
Today’s Student-Athlete:
Who Are They?
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They might know this
player used “andro”
and that it was legal
But probably can’t
name a pro football
player who injected
steroids and died from
cancer
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Can you?
Today’s Student-Athlete:
Who Are They?
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A generation that
we can’t assume
fully understands
the negative side
effects of taking
steroids:
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Acne and cysts
Male pattern
baldness
Facial hair
Depression
Suicidal thoughts
What Do They Believe?
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Most college athletes
support drug testing by
their schools and the
NCAA.
College athletes should be
randomly tested by NCAA.
NCAA drug testing deters
use.
What Substances Are Athletes Using?
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Most athletes do not
use drugs.
Drug and supplement
use differs between
sports.
Use began in high
school or middle
school.
Drug Use
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Major problems facing sport today
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Growing attention
Deaths of elite athletes
Increasing attention of media
Contrary to the ethical principles of
athletic competition
Wide spread among athletes
The BALCO Scandal
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Scandal involving the use of
banned substances by
professional athletes
The Bay Area Laboratory
Cooperative was a San
Francisco Bay Area business
accused of supplying steroids
to Major League Baseball
players
The incident surrounds a
2002 US Federal government
investigation of the
laboratory
The BALCO Scandal
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Founded in 1984 by Victor
Conte
Sport supplement
company
Types of drugs included
Erythropoietin, Human
Growth Hormone,
Modafinil, Testosterone
cream, and
Tetrahydrogestrinone
Bonds is still being investigated...
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Supplement use
among general
adolescent population
from 19 – 25%
Among HS athletes,
between 23 – 58%
Supplement use
increases as age,
grade and number of
sports increase
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Girls cite – lose weight,
lose fat and look good
Boys cite – gain weight,
increase muscle size and
lose body fat
6.8% of male HS seniors
and 5.3% of female HS
seniors have used
steroids
38% started before age
16
Drug & Supplement Use Differs
Between Sports
Men’s Lacrosse
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7.0%
amphetamines
2.2% steroids
5.5% ephedrine
47.9% marijuana
32.2% spit
tobacco
Drug & Supplement Use Differs
Between Sports
Women’s Soccer
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4.6%
amphetamines
0.5% steroids
6.7 % ephedrine
32.4% marijuana
3.5% spit tobacco
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
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CNS Stimulants
 Amphetamines
 Delay
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fatigue, increase alertness,
enhance speed, power, endurance,
concentration
Hypertension, angina, vomiting,
abdominal pain, cerebral hemorrhage,
dependence, death
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
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CNS Stimulants
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Caffeine
 Shortened reaction time, improved
concentration, diuresis
 Glycogen sparing leading to delayed
fatigue
 > 12 ug/mL is a positive urine per IOC
Dyspepsia, cardiac damage, combination
with other stimulants (e.g. ephedrine) may
be fatal
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
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Systemic stimulants
 Adrenalin
 In
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local anesthetics
Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine
 Cold
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Phenylpropanolamine
 Diet
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and allergy remedies
pills
Similar effects to the amphetamines in high
doses
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
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Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS)
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Derivatives of testosterone
First use generally later than other drugs
Drug and method sought for maximum
anabolic and minimum androgenic
properties
Sprinting, weight lifting, body building
Acne, abnormal LFTs, feminization,
virilization, premature closure of the
epiphysial plates, behavioral changes “roid
rage”, CVAs, cardiomyopathy
Adonis Complex
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AAS use prevalent among adolescents
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
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Beta 2 agonists
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Isoproterenol, epinephrine,
norepinephrine
Sympathomimetic amines, anabolic
properties
Cardiac arrhythmias in overdose,
headaches
Peptide hormones: HCG
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Increases testosterone
Maintains testicular volume with
anabolic steroid use
Ovarian cysts
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
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Pituitary and synthetic gonadotropins
 Increases testosterone, anti-estrogenic
 Ovarian cysts
Corticotropins
 Increase testosterone
 Rare and related to excess corticosteroidspituitary suppression,  immunity,
osteoporosis, hyperglycemia
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
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Human Growth Hormones (HGH)
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Increase muscle mass & decrease fat
mass
Gigantism, acromegaly,
hypothyroidism, cardiac disease,
myopathies, arthritis, diabetes mellitus,
impotence, osteoporosis
HGH
Offers…
Problems…
Strength
Growth
Bone strength
Tissue repair
Protein formation
© 2006 The National Center for Drug Free Sport
Considered cheating
Highly counterfeited
Acromegaly
– excessive growth...
Hands/feet enlarge,
and jaw protrudes
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
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Erythropoietin (EPO)
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Stimulates RBC production
Increases oxygen carrying capacity
CVAs
Blood doping
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RBC transfusion, artificial oxygen
carriers
Increases oxygen carrying capacity
Allergic reactions, sludging of blood
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
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Diuretics and other masking agents
 Misused in sports requiring precise
weight management
 Boxing, gymnastics, and
wrestling are examples
Gene Doping
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Non-therapeutic use of cells, genes,
genetic elements, or the modulation
of gene expression to enhance
athletic performance is prohibited
FOOD SUPPLEMENTS
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Viewed as legal means of gaining edge
76-100% of athletes use vs. 50%
general population
May or may not contribute to enhanced
performance
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Creatine, colostrum, antioxidants, sodium
bicarbonate, vitamins, proteins, amino
acids
Adverse effects not investigated
Stop Giving Mixed Messages
• Alcohol sponsorships
• Dietary supplement
sponsorships
This would be better...
NCAA Initiatives for
Student-Athlete Well-Being
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Health and Safety
Alcohol and Other Drugs
Nutrition and Performance
Mental Health Promotion
GLBT issues
Hazing Prevention
College Students: Alcohol is Still #1
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Use Within Last 30
days:
Alcohol 70%
Tobacco 20%
Marijuana 19%
Other drugs 3%
Alcohol and Athletes
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We expect athletes to
avoid alcohol because
their success depends
on physical & mental
health
However, athletes use
at a higher rate than
non-athletes
80% of athletes use
alcohol
Higher rates of heavy
drinking among
athletes
Alcohol and Athletes
More athletes report experiencing alcoholrelated harms than non-athletes.
These include…
 Academic problems
 Emergency room visits
 Getting into trouble with the police
We’ll present the facts…you decide.
Alcohol
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Interferes with the loading of
carbohydrates in muscles (muscle
glycogen synthesis),
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Lengthens the recovery and rehabilitation
from injury.
Alcohol and Athletic Performance
Jacqueline R. Berning, Ph.D., R.D.
University of Colorado
1996
Alcohol and Athletes
Moderate use (2-3 drinks)…
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Reduces motor coordination for up to 12
to 18 hours after drinking.
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Results in decreased aerobic capacity and
negative impact on endurance for up to
48 hours after the last drink has been
consumed.
Alcohol and Athletes
Moderate use (2-3 drinks)…
Can cut supplies of vitamins to below
normal levels.
 The body excretes calcium at twice the
normal rate
 Sleep patterns are affected by even
moderate alcohol intake
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Middlebury College - Middlebury, Vermont,
http://www.middlebury.edu/offices/healthed/
The days after
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Alcohol negatively effects performance 25
to 48 hours after the last drink
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The reduction in quality of training and
sleep in the period after its consumption,
may cause a reduction in performance
over the days following this period.
Alcohol interferes with…
 recovery
 protein synthesis
 hydration
 glycogen synthesis
 motivation
 mood
 nutrient intake
 sleep
Alcohol
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The liver treats alcohol like a poison.
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Drinkers throw up to prevent death by
alcohol toxicity
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Alcohol is a solvent that adversely affects
every human cell except fat
*sources-NCAA.org and ALAC.org
Alcohol
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Alcohol is a depressant
(blocks acetylcholine = decreased serotonin)
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Alcohol leads to decreased GABA, leading to
anxiety and depression symptoms long after
drinking
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3 college students die each day of alcohol
related problems
*sources-NCAA.org and ALAC.org
Credits

Some slides in this presentation prepared by the
following website:
 http://spinner.cofc.edu/Betterthingstodo/Presentations
/Athletes%20substance%20abuse%20and%20peak%
20performance.ppt#267,2,Athletes, substance use,
and peak performance