Transcript Enzymes
Enzymes Enzyme Essential Question • How do enzymes impact chemical reactions and indicate how their function in these reactions can be impacted (slowed or stopped)? Enzyme Activating Strategy Bolt tightening by hand! • Use your hand to thread and tighten the bolt as quickly as possible. Bolt tightening by socket wrench • Use the socket wrench to thread and tighten the bolt as quickly as possible. Enzyme Notes! • Notes begin here! • What type of macromolecules are enzymes? – Proteins! Proteins • Are one of the most diverse group of macromolecules (polymers). • Contain nitrogen, sulfur, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. • Examples include: (1) Antibodies – fight disease (2) Contractile Proteins – movement - muscles (3) Hormones - messenger proteins which help to regulate bodily activities and maintain homeostasis (4) Structural Proteins – provide support like keratins and collagen (5) Enzymes – speed up chemical reactions Protein Monomers • Proteins are composed of monomers called amino acids • More than 20 different amino acids exist in nature!! Catalysts • Enzymes speed up chemical reactions! – Act as a catalyst • Where might you find enzymes in your body? What is a chemical reaction? • A chemical reaction is when reactants undergo a change (react) to yield or make new products. • Chemical reactions are written as a chemical equation. • There are two parts to a chemical equation. The reactants are the elements or compounds on the left side of the arrow that react or change during the reaction. The elements and compounds to the right of the arrow are the products that are formed or made during the reaction – the end result – final product. • Identify the reactants and the products in the equation below. • A+B AB • Reactants: A and B Products: AB Parts of an Enzymatic Reaction • • • • Enzyme Active Site Substrate/s (Reactant/s) Product/s (End result of reaction) Enzyme structure • Enzyme substrate complex Parts of an Enzymatic Reaction • Active site - region on the enzyme that fits the shape of the substrate. Active Site Substrates are molecules that undergo a chemical change to form new substances called products. Substrate Enzyme Lock and key theory • 1. Enzymes fit with their substrate like a puzzle. • 2. Enzymes are NOT used up in a reaction. Time Out Fill out the Lock & Key Model Section! Activation energy • What is it? – Energy required for a chemical reaction to occur Enzymes Lower a Reaction’s Activation Energy Time Out! Fill out the Activation Energy! Proteins can be Denatured • Denatured proteins are proteins that lose their shape - if they lose their shape, they also lose their … function - What can cause a protein to become denatured? Exposure to: A Strong Acid A Strong Base Heat - Denatured proteins can lose quaternary, tertiary and secondary structure - Primary Structure is left untouched Factors that affect enzymes • Enzymes are very sensitive to changes in temperature and pH • Changing the temp and pH of an enzyme will denature (break it apart) it. Time Out! Fill out the Denature Section. Enzyme Concentration • Effect on rates of enzyme activity – an increase amount of enzyme increases how fast the reaction happens • more enzymes – the more frequently they collide with substrate Enzymes • Enzymes are site specific – they work on specific substrates for only one specific reaction. • Enzymes do not change shape during the reaction and can be used over and over again. • Tend to end in -ase or -in -Sucrase -Lactase -Maltase -Pepsin For enzymes… What matters? SHAPE! Time Out! Fill out the –ase section.